نشریه فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 28 (زمستان 1394)

In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen amounts on remobilization of storage matters to seed of bread and durum wheat genotypes, this experiment as split plots based on randomized complete blocks design at three replications was conducted during cropping year 2010-11. Main plot included five levels of 60, 120, 180 and 240 kilogram per hectare net nitrogen and control treatment (no fertilizer consumption) and sub plot included two bread wheat genotypes, Chamran and S- 85-19 and two Durum genotypes, Dena and Behrang. The results showed that the interaction effect of nitrogen amounts and genotype on remobilization, current photosynthesis and related traits were significant at one percent probability level. The highest average of remobilization (187.30 gram per square meter) and remobilization efficiency (0.22 gram per gram) allocated to Dena cultivar by use of 60 kilogram per hectare. Maximum contribution of remobilization by average of 50 percent belonged to S- 85-19 genotype by use of 120 kilogram per hectare net nitrogen. Maximum amount of current photosynthesis (737.52 gram per square meter) allocated to Chamran cultivar by use of 240 kilogram per hectare net nitrogen and maximum contribution and efficiency of current photosynthesis belonged to Chamran cultivar without using fertilizer by the averages of 1.73 gram per gram and 89.75 percent, respectively. Totally, by increasing nitrogen rates the contribution of current photo synthesis in seed yield increased and the contribution of remobilization reduced. Chamran cultivar allocated maximum rate, efficiency and contribution of current photosynthesis and seed yield among the compared genotypes.

In order to investigate the effect of zeolite on some physiological traits of red bean in drought tension conditions an experiment was carried out as split plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Takhte Shirin Agro-Industry field located in Sahneh city in Kermanshah province in 2014. In this experiment drought tension as the main factor at three levels, normal irrigation (60 millimeter evaporation from pan), moderate drought tension (90 millimeter evaporation from pan) and severe drought tension (120 millimeter evaporation from pan) in main plots and zeolite in four levels zero, five, 10 and 15 were considered in the subplots. The results showed that drought tension, except for the traits chlorophyll index and minimum fluorescence, decreased chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll number, leaf area and maximum fluorescence. Also, zeolite due to its ability to water absorption and retain in soil could increase other traits with the exception of two traits chlorophyll index and minimum fluorescence. The interaction between drought tension and zeolite was not significant for any of the investigated traits.

In order to investigate the effect of water deficit tension and zeolit application on the amount of damage biomarkers, relative content of leaf water, electrolytes leakage and chlorophyll of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Okapi cultivar, the present experiment was done as split plot based on based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications during fall 2010-11 at Islamic Azad University field research , Yadegar-e-Imam Khomein (RAH) Shahr-e-Rey Branch. Irrigation at three levels (irrigation based on 80, 130 and 180 millimeter evaporation from class A evaporation pan) as main plot, zeolite consumption in three levels (no consumption, 6 and 12 tons per hectare consumption) as sub-plot were considered. The results of experiment indicated that all traits tested were significantly different regarding to irrigation levels and zeolite application and the effect of experimented treatments interaction was significant only on electrolytes leakage and chlorophylls content. The mean comparison of main effect of irrigation demonstrated that applying irrigation based on 180 millimeter evaporation from class A evaporation pan, established the highest amount of Malondialdehyde (2.54 nanomoll per milligram protein), Dihydroxyguanosin (17.60 nanomoll per milligram protein), Dityrosine (27.02 nanomoll per milligram Protein) and electrolytes leakage (1.55 millizimence per cm) and lowest relative leaf water content (0/61 percent) and total chlorophyll (4.32 milligram per liter). In severe drought tension conditions 180 millimeter, using 12 tons per hectare zeolit consumption by the improvement of plant moisture status led to prevent drought tension harm effect and reducing leakage electrolytes to 0.99 millizimence per cm and chlorophyll a to 4.75 milligram per liter.

In order to investigate the effect of partial root zone drying on yield and some physiological characteristics of two potato cultivars, this experiment was performed as split- split plots based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari farm Research Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources in 2013-14. The tested treatments in this research included two irrigation methods furrow and tape drip irrigation at the main plots, two potato cultivars included Almera and Burren in sub plots and four deficit irrigation treatments at four levels of irrigation at the amount of 100, 80 and 65 percent of soil allowed moisture depletion and incomplete root irrigation (PRD) as the sub-sub plots. The results showed that Burren cultivar in comparison with Almera cultivar in all the deficit irrigation treatments had superiority regarding to tuber yield, water productivity and drought tolerance as Buren cultivar compared with Almera cultivar caused increasing in total tuber yield and water productivity by 19 percent. Effect of deficit irrigation on tuber yield, water efficiency, starch percentage, soluble sugar content, amount of proline and plant chlorophyll was significant at one percent probability. The highest amount of tuber yield equals to 59/02 tons per hectare due to to the Bourne cultivar and full irrigation was obtained. Most water efficiency equals to 13/20 kilograms per cubic meter was obtained related to Bourne cultivar and PRD treatment. Therefore, due to resource constraints for efficient use of water, Bourne cultivar as a cultivar with high quality and quantity yield, and deficit irrigation PRD was recommended as a way to conserve water.

In order to investigate the impact of deficit irrigation operations and nitrogen rates on quantitative yield and oil percentage of sunflower Sanbura cultivar an experiment was carried out at Shahid Salemi research farm in Ahvaz in 2012-13 cropping year. The present research was conducted as split plot experiment with a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The deficit irrigation treatment as the main plot was applied at three levels complete irrigation, irrigation stop only at the stage R3 and irrigation stop only at the stage R5 (. Nitrogen rates was applied as the sub-plot at three levels of 50, 100 and 150 kilogram pure nitrogen per hectare. The variance analysis results showed that deficit irrigation operations had a significant effect on number of seeds per head, grain yield, one-thousand seed weight, kernel to whole grain percentage ratio and harvest index. Also, the effect of nitrogen rates on number of seeds per head, grain yield, one-thousand seed weight, oil percentage, kernel to whole grain percentage and harvest index was significant. The interaction deficit irrigation and nitrogen had a significant effect on number of seed per head, grain yield, one-thousand seed weight and harvest index. In the interaction of treatments, full irrigation and the amount of 150 kilogram pure nitrogen per hectare with 322 gram per square meter produced the highest grain yield. As a result, it can be said that the operation of deficit irrigation in the R3 and R5 stages (plant reproductive stages), due to the significant yield reduction, is not desirable.

In order to investigate the effect of manure, urea fertilizers and inculcation with Azotobacter chrooccum on yield and yield components of wheat Zagros cultivar, this experiment was conducted based on split-split plots with three replications in Ilam and in 2014-15. The experimental treatments including cow manure at two levels (non application and application 20 kilogram per meter square) as main plots, four levels of urea fertilizer (zero, 33, 66 and 100 percent of recommended urea chemical fertilizer) as sub-plots and Azotobacter chrooccum fertilizer at two levels (without inculcation and inculcation with Azotobacter) were assigned as sub-sub plots. The experiments results indicated that application of manure, urea fertilizer and Azotobacter chrooccum had a significant effect on yield, yield components and wheat biological yield. Manure triple interaction in urea fertilizer in Azotobacter chrooccum was significant on number of spike in square meter, number of grain in spike, one-thousand grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index at one and five percent probability levels, so that the highest number of spike per square meter (363 spikes), grain yield (4133/3 kilogram per hectare) and biological yield (8708.3 kilogram per hectare) in manure using treatment, using 60 percent recommended urea fertilizer and inculcation with Azotobacter and the lowest spike number in square meter (228.3 spikes), grain yield (2500.3 kilogram per hectare) and biological yield (5711 kilogram per hectare) were obtained in application, non-application of manure treatment, non-application of urea fertilizer and non-inoculation with Azotobacter. Thus, by using manure and 66 percent recommended urea fertilizer and also in addition to Azotobacter it can be possible to save the application of the fertilizer and to achieve the desirable yield in wheat.

In order to investigate the effect of seed zinc internal content and foliar application of zinc sulfate on yield and quality of grain bread wheat Kohdasht cultivar the present research as potted was conducted in Maragheh University in 2014. The experiment as factorial was carried out based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The first factor was seed zinc internal content including low zinc seeds (199 Nano gram per seed) and high zinc seeds (595 Nano gram zinc per seed) and the second factor foliar application of zinc sulfate including non foliar application (control) and foliar application at a concentration of two grams per liter at stem elongation and at the beginning of the grain filling stages. The results showed that high seed zinc content had significant effect at five percent level on the percentage of emergence, grain yield and harvest index, but no significant effect on biomass production, one-thousand grain weight, number of grain per spike, number of spikelet’s fertile per spike and concentration of micronutrient in grains. Also, foliar application of zinc sulfate was signification on grain yield, biomass, number of grain per spike, number of spikelet’s fertile and plant height that caused increasing to 58.3, 46, 78.6, 26.1 and five percent of all the mentioned traits, respectively, compared to control (non irrigation) and as well increased 18.5 and 33.2 percent to concentrations of zinc and manganese in wheat but had no significant effect on iron and copper concentrations. The foliar application of zinc sulfate caused 24/7 percent reduction on phytic acid in grain, but no statistically significant difference to non-foliar application.

The present experiment was conducted in the form of factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications with four levels of densities 8, 10, 12 and 14 plants per square meter and three hybrids of sunflower Sup.A, Sup.P and Sirat Isfahan agriculture research farm in 2013-14 cropping year. The results showed that the effect of plant density was significant on leaf area index, total dry matter, solar radiation absorption percentage in canopy, solar radiation depreciation coefficient and crop growth rate. The effect of cultivar was significant on total dry matter, solar radiation absorption percentage in canopy and crop growth rate. The interaction density and cultivar had no significant effect on all experimental traits. Increasing in plant density caused increasing leaf area index, total dry matter and crop growth rate. By increasing plant density from 8 to 14 plants per square meter, 95 percent light absorption was obtained which led to a significant increase in light extinction coefficient from 0.658 to 0.756 so that as a result total dry matter at the rate of 23.4 percent increased. Sup.A cultivar compared with other cultivars significantly allocated the most light absorption percentage (93.8 percent) and with the highest crop growth rate (24.9 gram per square meter per day) significantly produced the highest total dry matter (1672.3 gram). Thus, 12 plants density per square meter and Sup.A cultivar better used the advantages of the growth space for light absorption and dry matter production and might be suitable under the conditions similar to the present study.