فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
سال هشتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 31، تابستان 1395)

Most countries in the competition and close Trying to take advantage of the capabilities of their own country To Allocate A larger share of their income from tourism And reimburse To create jobs With simple as possible In the meantime, many experts believe That Ecotourism and its subdivisions, including geo-tourism In contrast to cultural tourism Have better The features and advantages. On the other hand to acknowledge the intellectuals and professionals After America Iran is the second country in the world in terms From Tourism and geo-tourism attractions. One of the areas that the following categories of Geo-tourism have high potential is Mazandaran province and Noshahr city. Due to the introduction Question that in this study will pay is that shores of the Caspian Sea and Mazandaran Province Through tourism and free zone Noshahr Can develop local and regional power in terms of cultural, economic and political created and increases the employment and income per capita? And Or in the other words can Asked Mazandaran Province As one of the most important tourist areas In the Caspian, Central Asia and the Caucasus? Iran Attractions archaeological, cultural and natural Created are very good basis for the development of geo-tourism given that Iran is a wide variety of geological phenomena and its newly established geo-tourism and during the early stages of development. The hypothesis of this study is that It seems the province exist potential of geo-tourism perspective that if Existence A planning Coherent with development and operation this potential Can Create Changes in this area domestic and foreign tourism. Mazandaran Geo-tourism is Beautiful painting of the country's geo-sites. Therefore, in this study we intend to take advantage of library resources and research papers review Natural potentials, constraints and barriers geo-tourism province to achieve the desired goals.

This study evaluates the relationships of Gahvareh, a small city, with its surrounding villages. This article aims at studying the status, relationship, and spatial dependency of Gahvare and its surrounding villages. It is a kind of developmental research in which analytic method is used. Studying the spatial relationships of Gahvare with its surrounding villages shows that service relationships with the average (4.22) has the most level of relationships, while educational relationships with the average (3.88), population movements with the average (3.81), political-official and organizational relationships with the average (3.76), economic relationships with the average (3.31), cultural relationships with the average (2.99), social relationships with the average (2.60), and technologic relationships with the average (1.44) have the least relationships. The findings show that the level of relationships of this city with its surrounding villages is different in various aspects. The findings reveal that all kinds of relationships of this city with surrounding villages are average and weak based on function. In other words this city totally could not have appropriate connection and spatial relationships with its surrounding villages. From all 8 relationships of the city with its surrounding villages, 4 of them, namely service, educational, economic and political-official and organizational relationships were evaluated average based on the function, while the other 4, technologic, cultural, social relationships and population movements were evaluated weak.

Tehran outside the urban population increase capacity problems, physical, social, economic and ecological challenges for urban planners and citizens have provided a large part of the population of condensation is caused by lack of attention to the issues planners. This problem is compounded when the old texture urban areas to motivate the citizens for the renovation of the facilities offered by the unwanted population density increases. The purpose of this paper, the effects of population density, land use Density and building Density to the resilience, the local area is a region in Tehran fourteen. In this study, the fuzzy model is used and the method of data collection as well as documentary and field has been made. The result is a negative relationship between urban Density and resiliency show that by increasing the density, resilience in communities reduce their vulnerability increases. As the uncertainty in resilience is important topics fuzzy model is the best option to normalize the data that has been used. The study “ Dejkam” highest density neighborhoods that make up the bottom of the resilience of the neighborhood and increase its vulnerability And “Ahangaran” neighborhoods with the lowest land use density and building density of the area from the perspective of density neighborhoods is the most resilience.

The mountainous area of Mazandaran province from the early centuries of Islam was receptive to Imamzadeh who had taken refuge in it from rule of the oppressive caliphate or to promote religion had come to this country. Accordingly, there are 1062 tombs and religious places in this province that 174 of them were registered in the national index. Studies and historical documents show that so far only 238 pedigree religious monuments in this province have proven and have a valid document and 824 religious monuments are without a valid pedigree. As regards there is a religious monument across the province, this holy shrines have created many social cultural and social impacts among the people and people have accepted it in practice; because during problems and troubles have taken refuge in religious places and even have narrated some of their miracles and have put in the graves of the martyrs and the faithful people near the religious places. In terms of architecture can also be said that the holy shrines have been made in different periods and in different styles from each other and old works of these places almost have been destroyed and many of these monuments have been rebuilt and the boards of trustees for the most holy shrines are active. Aim of this paper is to examine and explain of holy shrines in province and their cultural- religious role which is written descriptive - analytic method and according to library resources.

The marine's piracy and thief is one of the major challenges in, countries which generally dealing with marine's transportation, but political motivation's due to marine's illegitimate activities can create the marine's terrorism. The marine's terrorism mainly with the purpose of economic interests and political motivations is used from terrorism group. At the first step because the insecurity of ships quartering and the second, it influence on the unclean area of marine's political Geography. Particular position of Horn Africa Especially Somali's country show that influence on marine's quartering. This country has relationship from north to Gulf of Aden and the neck of “Bab Almandab” and from east to Indian Ocean and so, generally quartering ships is from the marine area that Somali’s country is dominant it. Despite, more capacity of this country in marine's quartering, problem due to Governance irregulars since 1991 in this country cause to create difference Governance area and then, the legitimate government has not ability of action in its maritime area, Hence maritime crime like piracies and terrorism has grown in this country.

This analytical research is about effect of piracy and Maritime terrorism on the Somali's and playing role on the action and Government jurisdiction in the sea and its influence on the unorganized political Geography and spread of instability Somali's Maritime and we evaluation the Somali instability maritime on the change of government jurisdiction in maritime area.
Result&

This results show that insecurity political geography in Somali’s country cause activities of piracies and maritime terrorists development and this action's has influence on the political and military approach of governments due to progress of security in ships quartering.

The study showed that the developments in Political Geography in the Somali region could affect the country's Political geography of maritime area. In other words, chaos in Somalia and territories in those water bodies is affected by the country itself.

The present study has been done to recognize the abilities of tourism industry in corresponding with urban development in district 22 in Tehran; this district is surrounded to central Alborz Mountain from north; Kan River from east; Tehran -Karaj highway from south and being cultivated jungle in Vardavard from west. This district is adjacent to fifth and 21st district. The district comprises 16% residential and 84% services recreational welfare; educational; cultural and particularly tourism. What makes the district different from the other is its near future which will become Tehran tourism Pole. The main question is that more tourism district 22 in Tehran, what are and what are the guidelines for ease of easy access to the tourist pole of District 22 in Tehran can be found. The method of this study is a description to state the present situation, find and insight the reason and case report for the condition of a district (22nd dis. of Tehran). The result of the study, according to residents and tourists, the area was conducted in Tehran, 22, a significant majority of the people of this region, stressing that the outstanding and exceptional location and has a far better practice to the city. In particular, the creation of new tourism centers, such as the Shohada-e- Khalij-e- Fars lake, the waterfall of Tehran and park of Javanmardan-e- Iran and Shahid Hemmat highway construction also continues to be one of the most important access to the West side, all this topic confirms that at the present time and the future of this region is Tehran and other city residents tourists destination And if the media ads even more and has the potential to welcome tourists abroad as well.

The need to identify and analyze the causes of regional disparities and gaps, Planners were forced to invent techniques and procedures by determining the degree of development regions to achieve regional differences, therefore, in recent decades, for complex decisions in the areas of development, the researchers focused attention on multi-criteria decision-making models. Accordingly, this study was conducted as a basic research to exploit the method of MADM and with the aim of explaining the development in rural areas Dashtestan County. There is Descriptive- analytical research method and methods for gathering information from the type library and according to research objectives are to collect data based on the statistics of 2011, Bushehr Province during which the 40 indicators in different dimensions extraction and quantitative way by using Fuzzy VIKOR to the level of development of the rural districts in the County Dashtestan. The results also draw the unbalanced aspect of the development of rural areas, There is evidence of a deep regional divide the County dashtestan So that the distribution and access to resources, in 12 rural districts rural districts of Ziyart Dashtestan county show that by a factor of 0.06 the highest development and Esmailkhani rural districts of by a factor of 1, Vahdatiye by a factor of 0.968, Eram by a factor of 0.897, Poshtkoh by a factor of 0.811, Dehrod by a factor of 0.782 and Ziyart by a factor of 0.702 are in the category of deprived rural areas. Results show that the balanced development of rural areas, County Dashtestan is required to review the allocation of resources and equal distribution of spatial planning approach in deprived areas.

The rapid growth of urbanization heavy pressure on land and resources around them and reduce vegetation garden and agricultural land, open spaces and serious social and environmental problems Developments since the beginning of this century for the rapid development of industry and population growth combined with the variety of geographical system Land led to the development of activities and facilities heterogeneous in population distribution between urban and rural areas is environmental changes in the socio-cultural, economic and physical development and Open Space are physical uncontrolled urban issue that in recent years the city has attracted scholars consider providing certain conditions as well as the periods to changes in the organization led construction and thus to ensure continuity of knowledge of the city and its evolution in the development of this study is to understand the factors necessary .Goal in the physical development of Sari, according to the concept of sustainable development of urban space. The research of my thesis on the subject of development - physical space of the city and its environmental impacts (case study Sari) is extracted. The purpose of this research is descriptive and based on the nature and purpose of Shannon entropy models used Holdren. The results of this research will be infectious causes such as urban sprawl physical development, increased thirty times the population within 90 years 82% of physical susceptibility, related to population growth and18 percent growth in horizontal and spiral city. And finally the output of this research is that, given the rising trend of Sari especially in recent years, Physical development of urban space is not sporadic, meaning that the city without proper application and positioning applications , Is expanding and is located in the fertile lands and agricultural appropriate, by physical land is being swallowed, And it's important to us that this warning should avoid this risk, we designed a strategic plan The remaining land swallowed by the user to avoid the physical and the physical expansion of the city rather than on the surface, the height and use it to push the empty spaces within the city.

Hajj rituals are one of the largest communities in the world. Every adult Muslim who can afford the financial and physical ability is necessary that at least once in their life will keep it. The ceremony at 8 to 12 Dhu al-Hijjah, the last month of the Islamic calendar is done. In these days about two million Muslims from 183 countries attended in Mecca And run certain rituals.On the evening of the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah for pilgrims en route 4/14 km walk towards Arafat has Because with worship and prayer the night and at dawn they read the Koran. In the morning on 10 Dhu al-Hijjah for pilgrims heading to Mina, Arafat are Aljmrat Remy ceremony. During the ceremony the pilgrims in Mina Remy Aljmrat 7 pebbles to symbolically throw the Devil. Severe overcrowding population of this place in such a way that raises the possibility of mishaps.. Although different in this event was not without casualties and injuries most Fajh¬Bar these incidents occurred on 24 December 2015 which resulted in the death of large numbers of pilgrims from different countries. Statistics about the number of casualties is still not precise and vary from 4,000 to 7,000. After that, some countries, including Iran, Saudi government officials considered responsible for the accident and called for an international investigation and were legal. The question is what the capacity of international research in the form of international dispute settlement mechanism regarding victim advocacy pilgrims Mona there?

Followed by rapid urbanization and an imbalance in Iran's urban network, Zanjan province faced with the problem of imbalance during the 1355 to 1392 in its urban network. Zanjan province, faced with the "urban primacy" issue in its urban network. The aim of this study is to analyze changes in the province's urban network and measure the balance of in urban network. The research method is descriptive - analytical and data gathering tool is documentation. The present study sought to answer these two questions: What status does Zanjan Province have? Is the Zanjan province, urban network moving toward the balance? Models, such as the urban primacy model, the four city index model, the rank – size model, Behforuz modified model, entropy model, coefficient index, logarithm analysis and distance of separation point method have been used. Results are as follows: 1) Zanjan province is facing with urban primacy in its urban network 2) Becoming the villages to the city area, has led to an imbalance in the urban network. The results show that before 1385. This imbalance has gradually been declining since 1392 and now, urban network has moved toward equilibrium. In the end, some suggestions are provided.

To assess the level of development as one of the most important planning issues are countries, so that in the 1990s most countries have to reconsider its position in this regard. Therefore, in this study to determine the level of development of the provinces of seven indicators: life expectancy, per capita GDP, acreage, education level, employment status, access to education and access to potable water using quantitative models Morris and application of geographic information systems (GIS), is used. According to the results obtained from the analysis of indicators, Tehran, Fars and Isfahan with Maurice expansion coefficient 62/78, 38/70 and 69 has the highest level of development in terms of development indicators and the provinces of Hormozgan, Kohkiloye Maurice Boyer Ahmad and Sistan and Baluchestan, respectively, by a factor of 87/40, 66/33 and 62/3 have low levels of development between the provinces of the country. It also uses a geographic information system software (GIS), mapping and spatial distribution of development-orientation of the country is displayed.

The present study was part of the Ph.D. dissertation on spatial and geographical indicators and factors in the development of Iran's Science and Technology Parks. In this study, using descriptive survey and exploratory study, at first the location and geographical status of science and technology parks was studied then according to the current situation, the consent of knowledge-based companies have been assessed from the current deployment of science and technology parks. In addition, in exploratory study has been tried the most important factors in the performance indicators and geographical location of Iran to be introduced from the perspective of science and technology parks and technology companies. Result in descriptive section showed that, location of more than half of the science and technology parks were been outside the universities and also outside the cities, and far from industrial centers. Knowledge-based companies rate their satisfaction from that were selected: no idea 50 persons 15.6% no idea, 61 persons 19.1% more less, 48 persons 15% less, 54 person 16.9% average, 63 persons 19.7% high and 44 persons 13.8% more high. Result in section of exploratory showed that the important factors were: 1- adjacency to universities and Research centers and relationship them with parks, 2- R&D and high-tech, 3- participate of strong companies, 4- Proximity and access to transportation facilities, 5- workforce in the region, 6- neat to Domestic consumer market, 7- access to urban`s facilities and centers, 8- adjacency to industrial centers. Also, there are There is a significant relationship between Research Hypothesis, 1- The geographical location of the establishment of science and technology parks and scientific production, 2- The development of science and technology parks and indigenous knowledge and regional growth.

Sustainable development nomads of tribal society policy process in which the natural, social, economic, physical and management and other policies are of the like economic, social and ecological sustainable .Nomadic society as a third of urban and rural communities in country Iran , along with other community - based livestock and livelihood is used for pasture rang is used. The statistical population of the area by using whit Koukran formula to be 60 families. research tools and methods for collecting data using questionnaires and interview techniques was observed. Alpha Crounbach (0/88) economic structure use of software was used. The obtained data were codifies using software (Spss19) and then were analyzed. the result at the moment for various reasons pastures destroyed overall environmental impact of this bottleneck in the process of sport development life tribes, including the economic impact that the lack of the not economic life of the nomads. The result proved the economic weakness of nomadic exploitations, management crisis and destruction of the grasslands resulted from extensive pasturing, the increase of manual grass feeding of the animals, negative perspective towards future life of the nomads, lack of the adequate support in nomad insurance on government side, lack of a known market for animal trades, seasonal migration of youth in nomads to the cities in order to respond life expenses due to insufficient income, also the nomadic society which was investigated had lost its potential to develop due to population-ecological-social-cultural-intellectual etc. restrictions and economy of nomad which were investigated had basic weaknesses. Also term and medium term program for sustainable development of the tribal communities of the society could be useful.

Passive Defense is the key factor in urban security that the nature of which is based on increasing the level of security using civilians and in this regard¡ proper planning is considered the most important factor to increase security and reduce vulnerability. The purpose of this paper is to assess the vulnerability of hiking trails and its applications to increase urban security with passive defense approach. The study area¡ ten marching routes in the city of Qom that this path ultimately leads to the city playback in common -Motahari Square (city center core)-.the type of research is Practical and study method is the Analytical-survey. So that Post-harvest applications around the track and field category is calculated to follow directions and use vulnerabilities in times of crisis by using the grading formula. Research findings indicate that the In determining the vulnerability of hiking trails along the index number one (street Sadoughi¡ Zanbil Abad Square) with a length of 5.9 and the total score based on the number nine (Emam zade Ebrahim street¡ Saidi Square) with the score of 18.2 were the most vulnerable hiking trails in the city of Qom. Also¡ in times of crisis Banks and financial and credit institutions and commercial centers has been very high vulnerability and so it has medium vulnerability of public and private agencies and organizations.