نشریه پژوهش های علوم تاریخی
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 13، بهار و تابستان 1395)

The domination of Ottomans on Algeria was resulted by Spanish invasions to the shores of this land during the 16th century. So the Algeria emirate appealed to famous Barbarossa brothers. Supported by the Ottoman Sultan, Hayreddin Barbarossa conquered Algiers in 1529 and changed it to a military base and dominated the eastern Mediterranean areas powerfully. They ensured the development of Ottoman rule over Algeria using many trophies earned through piracy. But in 17th century when Ottoman Empire granted capitulation grants to Europeans, the huge revenues of European merchant ships stopped due to the capitulation treaty and Algeria's main source of income was in problem. The result of this income reduction was the deficiency of army's wage from one hand that led to rebellion of troops, and a more pressure on people for a rising in taxes on the other hand that led to rebellion of local tribes. This process, along with other factors, led to continued weakness of Algeria, and Algeria was ultimately occupied in 1830. Thus the terms of capitulation became one of the main causes of decline and dependence of Algeria. Realization of this factor, as one of the causes of decline of Algeria is what is going to be analyzed in present research.

The presence of European physicians in Iran during the Qajar period had political and religious dimensions, in addition to its health aspects. Different segments of Iranian society had a very hard life due to the increasing epidemics and relative ineffectiveness of traditional medicine in the treatment of diseases. Being accomplished through an analytic-descriptive method, the present research is to explore the factors conducive to the presence of these physicians in Iranian community, to assess their activity obstacles, its typology and scope using documentaries and library sources. The research findings indicate that the modern medical science, as a part of West scientific procedure, played an important role in the process of European countries entrance in Eastern communities. In fact, one of the keys to understand how and why the process of Iran's political - economic extensive relations and European countries during Qajar period can be analyzed considering three political-economic social - religious and scientific general dimensions.

Mohammad Ebrāhim Bāstāni Pārizi (1925-2014) has an outstanding role and a special situation in Iran's contemporary historiography. His different manner in dealing with method, subject, bibliography and writing has attracted the public attention from one side, and has caused different reactions in academic historiography from the other side. Therefore, it is impossible to ignore his influence on the field of history writing and the promotion development of its reading. To reach out to his mental space and finding his points of view about history and the methods of historiography, this article is to reveal his concepts on historical ontology, epistemology and methodology (paradigm) to determine the world-view ruling the historian's mind and the causes and reasons of his special applications in historiography – from subject selecting up to the bibliography and the style of writing. The inductive study of his works shows three dimensions of his historiography paradigm; in a way that he reaches none-positivist epistemology from idealistic ontology and believed, in his methodology, that the existence of monopolized objective and experimental tools are insufficient in history understanding.

The Qara-Khitai government of Kerman was founded by the efforts of Borāq Hājib in about 1223 A.D (619 A.H.) and was continued by his descendants ruling some parts of Kerman and its surroundings over a period of 80 years (from1223 to 1305). Despite the chaotic situation in Iran during 13th century, the rulers of this new-founded government not only protected their own territory from Mongol invasion, but provided the commercial and cultural facilities for Kerman and its surrounding areas. Using an analytic method, this essay is to explain the political relations between the Qara-Khitai government in Kerman with Mongol Khanates in Mongolia and the Mongol Ilkhanates were ruling Iran to answer the main question of the research. The research findings show that the first rulers of Qara-khitaieds established peaceful relations with Qaraqorum Court and Ilkhanate rulers, with complete resourcefulness and attracted the attention of Mongol leaders by political marriages to keep their domination in Kerman; however this trend changed in the late period of Qara-khitaieds and made their government to be vanished.

The area of Musa Bay (Khor Musa) on which two vital and important ports of Imam Khomeini (Port Shapour) and Mahshar have taken place on its shore is located geographically at the far northeast of the Persian Gulf, south of Khuzestan province. Early in the World War II, despite Iran’s neutral declaration, Port Shapour was blitzed and occupied by British Navy on August 24, 1941. Iran's resistance in breaking off its relations with Germany and rapid expulsion of Germans was announced as the main reason of the allied forces invasion, a claim that was not justified in terms of international law. The military occupation of this port deprived Iran from the economic benefits of this important and impressive port from one side, and prevented the growing trend of qualitative and quantitative development of the country from the other side. In general, it made irreversible losses in national and regional economic life of Iran.

The enthronement of Mohammad Shah Qajar promised Nematollahi Sufis the end of difficulties they experienced during the reign of Fathali Shah and their problems in Iran. Kowsaralishahis and Mastalishahis, as two branches of this doctrine, each tried to benefit a better position in those situations. The quality of theoretical and practical operation of these two branches of Nematollahi doctrine to reach a suitable socio-political position and the way they selected to remove the theoretical and practical barriers is the main issue of present research. The results, obtaind on the basis of historical and doctrinal sources, show that Kowsaralishahis didnt try to change the religious and political structures despite the existing conditions. But Mastalishahis had accomplished some inconclusive theoretical and practical actions to reach this important aim.

Khwaja Nasīr al-Dīn Tūsī is accused, by many, of collaborating with the Mongol invaders and legitimizing their domination (power). Using the Identity theory of Manuel Castells and discourse theory, the present essay hypothesizes that Khwaja Nasīr has tried to create Iranian Identity utilizing the archetypes of Iranshahr and has founded a programmed identity that was later followed by other bureaucratic characters such as Rashīd al-Dīn Fadlullāh Hamadānī and also his son Qiyas al-Din Mohammad.