فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
سال نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 33، زمستان 1395)

In urban planning, often Studied physical-spatial aspects of urban development And offered patterns and several solutions in this regard. In Iran, in an increasingly urban growth after the land reform and rural migration to large cities, small towns were created to create new policies. In the form of this policy, Became the large villages to small towns and Created different patterns of spatial on how to grow and develop. This is an applied research aimed at understanding the physical pattern and distribution of rural cities that is done through field study and observation. First, urban construction information at two different times extraction. This information is then fitted on domain and by measuring the research variables (population, area urban construction and the breadth of the city) and Shannon entropy method and Holdren Model during the period under consideration; the physical growth of the city has studied. The results of the case study, indicating that this is a disproportionate growth, population growth has been less effective. And the city in the process of their physical growth, Scattered and rims tend to spread along the routes leading to the suburban access .

The question of revitalizing rural and peripheral regions through the entrepreneurship development has generated considerable attention. Therefore, this study aimed to analysis of the promoter and obstacles facing factor on development of rural entrepreneurship with an emphasis on agricultural processing and complementary industries in Kamfiruz County of Marvdasht Township. The dominant approach of research was quantitative based on survey method. The statistical population consisted of all expert staff in the Jihad-e- Keshavarzi management of Marvdasht County (N=140) which were studied using census method. Finally, 126 questionnaires were collected and analyzed. A questionnaire was used to collect data. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The data were analyzed using SPSSwin22 and LISREL8.80 soft wares. For identifying obstacles and promoter of agricultural processing and complementary industries with an emphasis on rural entrepreneurship, exploratory factor analysis employed. In addition, to investigate the index surpasses model, confirmatory factor analysis as well as structural equations model (SEM) were employed. Factor analysis results of the obstacles facing factor showed five group of factors: lack of legal support and provision of facilities by the government, infrastructure-physical obstacles, insufficient capital, lack of knowledge-technical and lack of organizational in marketing that explain 68.23 percent of the total variance. The factor analysis results of the promoter factors showed six groups of factors: adopting modern methods, investment and infrastructure development, supportive factors, provision of necessary education, improving of the technical knowledge and strengthening of social capital that explain 70.52 percent of the total variance. Furthermore, the finding indicated that promoter factors are more important than obstacles facing factors.

Rural development can be considered as the process of empowerment and reinforcing life ability in the context of life quality and environment as well as efficiency, economic independence, maintenance and environmental quality improvement in rural areas. There are approaches which consider tourism as an essential strategy for rural destinations. This approaches believe that due to rural areas degradation and agricultural wane, it is necessary to try for presenting new strategies for rural areas revivals by creating alternative activities and changing these areas based on their natural and human resources and the best for this revival is using particular strategies which benefits from human and natural resources and leads to revenue and rural welfare. Edward Inskeep, tourism planning scholar in his tourism development planning book argues that tourism planning is dynamic and stable and assists governments for identifying tourism future and its consequences. This will help governments to increase their roles in this process. Basically tourism and traveling is developed in urban areas. Many residents of urban are trying to find a way for escaping from this modern and sophisticated environments to least developed areas. From 70’s, tourism activities in rural areas have increased drastically in all developed countries around the globe. This had fundamental role in rural areas development from social as well as economical perspective. Therefore tourism experts believe that rural tourism development can not be taken into action without widespread reorganization in rural areas based on operational scientific planning. Hence identifying and introducing traveling destinations for rural areas is a first step for reaching rural tourism development goals. In this research we will try to investigate rural tourism situation and identifying effective indexes in determining rural tourism targets and evaluating these indexes using AHP model. This model will help to explore its role in rural development. In this dissertation we will have a look on rural tourism target in Semnan province and find their priority from tourism perspective.

A sense of security in urban areas is an indicator of space quality. With increasing urbanization and urban abnormal behaviors, especially crime, this issue has became increasingly important. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of physical criteria on the formation of crime culture in affluent and non-affluent neighborhoods of Babolsar city. The method of this practical research is descriptive-analytic. In order to study and identify the status of surrounding anatomic structures in affluent and non- affluent neighborhoods Babolsar, field method has been used. The data collected through interviews, taking notes and questionnaires. The results indicated that in affluent neighborhoods, all standard components of spatial divisions were higher than average (Mean = 3), but in non-affluent neighborhoods all components were lower than average. Also there was a significant relation between standard components of spatial divisions and formation of crime culture in both neighborhoods. Results have shown that the components of neighborhood cleanliness of their surroundings, physical space and lighting in the neighborhoods studied the rise, as well as reduce the formation of culture comes more causing offense. One of the solutions that can be offered in this regard is that physical construction and lighting of streets and alleys of the non-affluent neighborhoods in Babolsar are organized sanitation.

The purpose of this study was prioritize and effect of attractive fators of sport tourists to the Mazandaran province with emphasis on sport tourism marketing. This study was based on a descriptive-survey method and was a type of field study. The tool used to collect data was a researcher-made questionnaire which its reliability was obtained by Cronbach`s alpha 86%. The questionnaire was consisted of components (management & planning, socio-cultural, infrastructures, natural and historical attractions) that designed according to the Likert 5-point scale. The statistical population included sport management professors, experts and heads of sport associations from Physical Education administration and the tourism experts of the Mazandaran province, of which 95 individuals were selected randomly. For inferential analysis of data from the one-variable t test and the Friedman test was used at a significance level of ≥ α 0,05. The research findings showed that the average of attraction factors for infrastructures, natural and historical attractions, management & planning and socio-cultural was larger than average level(3). hence in respondents` view these factors were important in order of preference in terms of attracting tourists And the infrastructure factors was more important than other factors. Of course, the possibility for attracting sport tourists is achievable when all of these fundemental components are well considered And this is not possible without any change in the attitude of officials and all those who are involved in sport and tourism sector.

Cities due to changes in hydrological conditions in the areas and their large critical infrastructures are increasingly vulnerable to the changes in patterns of rainfall events arising from climate change and resulting floods. In this study, by identifying the extreme indices of precipitation recommended by the Climatology Commission of World Meteorology Organization, we have carried out zoning and weighting these indices in ArcGIS, and finally Vulnerability zones of Iran were classified into 5 categories. The result found that frequency of precipitation indices decreased and trend of them had increased.

With regard to the role of urban and rural relationships, in the process of change and development of urban and rural centers, efforts to reduce the negative effects of these relationships, in order to organize them, especially in Tehran, and its surrounding region, such as Islamshahr because the distribution of Tehran, the land connected to the city, and the city of Tehran effects such as garden land degradation, land use change for urban, rural integration in urban areas, changes in the environment and so laid the ground for sustainable development the rural and urban areas, which highlights the importance and necessity of this research. The method used in this research, exploratory, descriptive and analytical. Of this descriptive – analytical, In this study, the age group 20 years and older rural villagers, has been chosen as the target population. The population consisted of 10,500 people, the size of the sample, 370 were selected. Results showed that, in general between social indicators and economic use changes and rural, a significant positive correlation can be seen, in fact, been able to use changes, the impact of these indicators, so that the highest correlation between the change Triggers government land use policies, with 0.849 seen, and issues and social aspects with the same confidence and the coefficient of 0.675 percent, the lowest correlation with the change of land use is shown. Also check the connection between satisfaction with the settlement, with the consent of the inhabitants of the five variables studied (the village appearance, infrastructure, public facilities, health, safety and well-being), in this respect, its relationship with all the variables confirmed a. Values obtained show that in all sectors, with the exception of health, in other areas, according to the villagers, not only not improved, but the situation has become more difficult than before.

The occurrence of natural disasters such as flood, earthquake, storm and human disasters such as war, fire & etc. disrupts the normal trend of people’s life, and it has destructive effects on the human residential areas, and it imposes extensive economical, social and environmental damages on the societies. District 8 of Tehran Municipality, is one of the crowded and populous regions of Tehran, and if a natural disaster occurs in this region, it needs emergency relief. So, the crisis management seems to be necessary in this region. On the other hand, the science and technology of geographical information system (GIS) with the high capability of getting spatial and non-spatial data, storage, display, modeling and analysis of spatial data can be used for the organization and quick analysis of information, making more effective and better decisions and plans in the crisis management. This research is among the goal-oriented researches, and for studying the goals of the research, first of all, the localization indices of the crisis management bases on the basis of Delphi method and library information and resources are identified, and after the identification of this criteria and sub-criteria using AHP model and Expert Choice software, the weight and the significance of each of them was determined. Finally, it was examined and evaluated using the hybrid method of fuzzy logic and geographical information system of crisis management bases localization in the district 8, and the priority places for the establishment (construction) of these bases were determined. The results of the research showed that the crisis management bases in district 8, were very suitable in terms of localization.

The subject matter of this paper is to examine the role of information and communication technologies on urban transport management and organization in Tehran. The main aim of this investigation was to identify the studied area in terms of having access and the citizens of the possibilities of ICT, the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in urban transport systems and the relationship between information and communication technology choose handed examined. Based on these results, the residents of District 12 of Tehran Municipality in terms of the benefit of information and communication technologies (ICT) and urban transportation system is not in good condition. As well as the majority of the citizens of this region, believe that the information technology and the promotion of improved urban transport management, capacity building of roads and highways, stop wasting time, energy, cost, and went etc. Therefore, it is proposed the expansion of the electronic services and easy access and low-cost services to citizens and improve the condition of the transportation fleet no.

Nowadays Rural tourism is one of the most popular forms of tourism. natural conditions, morphological, climatic elements with The economic, social and cultural environment of the countryside Various forms and various villages to create that each one are distinguished Physically, architecture type, type of housing, settlement patterns, kind of living, customs and traditions of each other. This distinction and different aspects of villages itself is Creator attractions that rural tourism to visit the regions interested and they occasionally Makes To travel to these areas. The purpose of this article is Study of rural tourism as a model for rural development: Case Study of Garmsar city. The Article main question is That Rural tourism have what effect on the overall rural development and the villages of Garmsar city in particular? The results of this study show that rural tourism economy in rural areas marks a two-way process which could be economic growth and diversification involves on the one hand and also create employment and income for rural residents of the other side. Rural tourism also absorb surplus labor force in rural areas and with it the development of a comprehensive rural development can be considered one of the opportunities.

Citizens’ social activities in urban public spaces are the source of social cohesion in urban structure and urban space is the most fundamental place for formation of social cohesion. Stability and continuation of social and cultural life of one society depend on cohesion between parts of social structures of that society. Solidarity is agreement between beliefs and ideas and it is born in social progress and is the result of rational action. Decreases of social cohesion in new metropolitan especially in cities of developing countries attract the attention of urban planners a lot. What attract less attention in these days’ cities are the spaces with ability of being start of point for formation of face to face interactions so we decided to investigate the role of urban spaces in formation of social cohesion. 356 Questionnaire completed in peripheral site of Karim khan Zand palace. SPSS software was used for data analysis. According to the questionnaire and literature study Indexing was done. The correlation coefficients, multiple regressions with enter method and factor analyses were used to analyze the data. Regression analysis showed that the selected variables in urban areas have an important role in the formation of Social Cohesion. Using factor analysis, it was found that the social trust, Collective consciousness and social participation the most influence in the development and increase of Social Cohesion in urban areas. The results between content and form showed that the formation of social Cohesion plays a dominant role in containing urban space.

The purpose of this article is analyzing the role of Iran and America in Persian Gulf military, political and economic security after the Islamic Revolution in order to achieve a national and international strategy. Must be said that Iran and America are the most important actors that are seeks to shape its security structures in the Middle East. Due to this important the main question of this article is that what extent is the role of Iran and America in Persian Gulf security in the aftermath of the Islamic Revolution? In addition to the main question the secondary question also arises including what are the reasons for the critical importance of Persian Gulf and how is Iran and America look to the security of the region. The results of this study show that Iran and America each follow your specific security structure for the region on the other hand Iran and America's potential and tools and their concerns are different at Persian Gulf security. According to this in this article efforts will be using the library resources, as well as maps, tables and charts as well as published documents analyze and explain Iran and America's role in Persian Gulf security with emphasis on the period after the Islamic Revolution.