مجله مطالعات داستانی
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 10، زمستان 1393)

As eternal, unknown forms, archetypes or prototypes originate from collective unconsciousness of human being and they are common among all nations. They have been introduced initially by psychologists such as Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud and literary scholars employed the concept in their studies. The prototype-based criticism tends to be a new topic of study in the area of psychological criticism and it has opened a significant chapter in the area of literature, mythology, arts, religions, rites, beliefs from the past to the present. The novel Souvashun by Simin Daneshvar is one of the masterpieces of contemporary works including mythological concepts and bearing a rich number of prototypes in different levels. In this work, Daneshvar has employed the tree prototype to suggest the concepts of life, fertility, hope, perseverance, etc. This novel mostly represents the positive aspects of the prototype, but there are also some hints to the negative points. In this article, we attempt to analyze the role, creation and development of tree in the context of Souavashun novel. In this literary work, tree is associated with concepts such as femininity, light, eternity, mourning, peace, sex and mystic experience. The novel touches the status and surrounding shades of trees such as cedar, walnut and pine. Traces of the cosmic tree is also noticeable in the novel. Likewise, Gisu tree tends to be the central sign of the novel providing a pure, inspirational, and mythical atmosphere.

The simplest and most common definition of narrative text that tells a story and storytelling is. In the fourth to sixth centuries AH Persian prose narrative forms, many suchmarchen, fables, stories, reports, etc. is used as the border are not separately identified. The research is based on the content and validity of the classification and evolution of the works specified. The marchen is the most frequent form of narrative texts. From simple to complex narrative structure - a fictional elements - moves, and indicates the primary form, raw and without a coherent narrative literary delicacy, cooked and becomes full. Characters, setting and tone of anecdotes about the story of the ancient literature is used today. The themes in the stories of the last century as well as clear and direct as the goal expressed by the authors, moral principles. What we know today as the story elements are borrowed from the development of Persian prose fiction Drhkayt West know in the fourth to sixth centuries AH in Persian thought.

Plausibility device is the first condition for narration in fictional literature. Magical realism since it is also a narrative approach to quotes magical accidents, fantastical, supernatural, exaggerative and wonderful, it is natural that best device for it, will be the plausibility or the logic of narrative. Including things that has made this literary movement as an independent narrative style, has a different take on the element of "point of view" and turn it into "plausibility device". Believing metaphysics is the greatest work of magical realism that should be considered by promoters of complex concepts like philosophy, mysticism and theology literary Fiction. Achieve this goal is not possible except by studying works of the giants of this way of narrative relying on the recognition of their skills In how to juxtaposition of the real and the hyperreal and achieve a native realism. In this article has been recognized some examples of the use of plausibility device, especially in the works of the greatest writer of magical realism, Gabriel Garcia Marquez. The most important result of this study is twelve extraction skills of plausibility of skills of Marquez along with explain and outlines how to use them to form of practical.

One of the methods in studying and searching in classic and literary texts is use of new theories in studying of these texts. These studying that accomplish by under consideration theories in sciences as sociological, psychological, mythology and Anthropological is studying of external literature. In this essay, we have analyzed “the tale of Baghdadian man” from the sixth book of the Mathnawi on the one hand and Alchemist novel of Paulo Coelho as rewritten of “the tale of Baghdadian man” on the other hand by using of individuation process theory in analysis psychology school of Carl Gustav Jung. He is one of the theorists of psychoanalysis criticism. Individuation process is one of the most important theories in analysis psychology school. Jung in his theory has a special attention to collective unconscious and explains archetypes in his school. The aim of writers of this essay is reading of the story of Mathnawi and Alchemist novel based on individuation process by analysis method. At the end of the reading we could compare individuation process and archetypes of Ego, shadow, self, persona, the wise old man and anima with the elements of its and then conclude that the travel of character in two stories for earning rare treasure compare totality with internal travel person by the goal of individuality and approaching union layers of soul and both characters confront with night-patrol (the symbol of himself) in Egypt and finally approach to origin treasure (the symbol of self-individual) in his house and church.

In the late forties, along with political and social events and cultural developments in the Iranian society, literature also changes accordingly are subject to change so versatile, durable and new works are created in Iran in the field of story. Compared to the corresponding previous period, writes use well-formed and intelligent manners form  in their stories. In the end of the decade Simin-e Daneshvar with Sovashoon and Hoshang-e Golshiri with "Christine and Keed and the novel ShaZUdeh Ehtejab using a different style, create a new image of Iranian fiction. Daneshvar in Sovashoon with a realistic and suitable style to the actual historical context of Iranian society, creating a revolutionary and problematic character, represents a true picture of the protesting and pragmatic character. At the same time, Golshiri with different style and content like Modern novels particularly “Nouveau”, in France , creates another kind characterization. Golshiri's characters are passive, helpless and confused at the actions and performance and are not like the hero in Sovashoon. Considering a number of differences and similarities, In this article, the writers aim to assign the hero in Sovashoon according to Loucach and Goldman's problematic hero. The article also emphasizes the similarity between characters in French Nouveau and "Christine and Keed.

Studies on ecological and environmental elements in literature are related to a new branch of literary research known generally as ecocriticism. The difference in ecological backgrounds leads to stylistic, intellectual and literary distinctions . Ecocriticism mainly concentrates on relationship and interaction between literature and ecosphere .With regard to the extent of this approach and according to the Gloteftly's view eco-oriented criticism addresses the relationship between literature and physical environment and the eco features however are among the factors of physical environment in which the literature works are created. Ecological features in stories written by Ali Ashraf Darvishian show the outlook of writers to the surrounding environment and the way he has been influenced by the geography and ecology the literary work had been unfolded in. Thus his work enjoys a vernacular origin. Darvishian is one of the remarkable writers in ecological literature in story writing school of Western Iran (Kermanshah). In his stories, by describing the native and ecological elements, he has managed to reflect the conscious or unconscious impacts of these elements on his mind and language in the form of beliefs, ideas, customs, habits, native nature, weather, architecture, language, terminology, colloquial expressions and proverbs.