نشریه اکوفیتو شیمی گیاهان دارویی
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 18، تابستان 1396)

In this study the leaves of 28 genotypes of Berberis were collected in May 2016 from North West of Iran. The samples were extracted by ultrasonic technique, total phenol, flavonoid, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid were measured by folin ciocalteu, aluminum chloride and Litchenthaler method, respectively. The antioxidant capacity were evaluated differently by using FRAP and DPPH methods. The results were showed that the highest and the lowest total phenol content, were observed respectively, in genotypes Z8 and Z19 (75.96 - 13.59 mg GAE / gram dry weight), respectively. The highest and the lowest total flavonoid were respectively in genotypes Z20 and Z19 (14.99 - 2.10 mg / 100 grams of dry matter). The highest of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid were observed in genotypes Z3, Z26, Z8 respectively (26.32 - 5.37 and 18.86 mg dry matter). The highest antioxidant activity in DPPH was observed in Z6 genotype (92.30%) and in FRAP method with 4.14 µmol of iron per gram of dry matter was reported in Z8 genotype, respectively. According to these results it was found that the antioxidant activity correlated with total phenol and flavonoid contents and can be used these genotypes as a good natural antioxidant in pharmaceutical industrys.

This work carried out in order to evaluating of oil yield, phytochemical variation and antioxidant activity of essential oils in different populations of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge. In west of Iran. So the aerial parts of eight wild populations of this plant were collected from different regions of Ilam, Gilane-Gharb provinces and one sample was collected in greenhouse of Ilam University, during 2010 and 2011. The essential oils were obtained by hydro distillation method, were analyzed by GC/MS and the antioxidant activity of them were measured by DPPH assay. The analysis were showed that the populations had significant differences regarding yield, phytochemical composition and their antioxidant activity. Maximum and minimum oil yield were recorded from Shalam and Greenhouse populations, respectively. The main components of plant oil were thymol (39.28-87.30%), p-cymene (0.15-30.63%), γ-terpinene (2.04-14.71%) and carvacrol (0-8.41%). The Shalam population had the highest phytochemical diversity and then the Shalam, Soregeh, KabirKooh and Ghalaarang populations were the most similar populations according to their phytochemical composition. Cluster analysis of populations, which using Ward Algorithm were divided them into three chemotypes. The highest and lowest total phenols contents were recorded in Ghalaarang (292.5±0.91 mg Pyrocatechol/ml) and Gerdakaan (194.04 ±1.08 mg Pyrocatechol/ml) population, respectively. The antioxidant activity of these populations varied from 59.1±0.9 to 73.8±0.45 % in Green house and Badreh, respectively .The Shalam population had the highest (IC50=0.67 mg/ml) in comparison with synthetic antioxidant BHT (0.11 mg/ml). In cluster B including populations of Soregah, Ghalaarang, Shalam, KabirKooh, Renou, and Badreh were remarked for further domestication processes.

The presence study was carried out to determine the changes in morphological traits and secondary metabolites in four species of Papaver genus under drought and salinity stresses. This research was conducted in factorial experiment using a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments were included, salinity with NaCl (100mM), drought stress (50% FC) and well-watered (control). The amount of total alkaloids, flavonoids and anthocyanins were determined by spectrophotometer and the content of leaf chlorophyll was measured using Spad chlorophyll meter. The results were showed that stresses and species had a significant effect (P≤0.01) on all of morphological traits. Mean comparison were showed that there is differences among stresses in terms of morphological traits; so in under drought stress, the amount of plant height (from 7.83 to 5.75 cm), root fresh weight (from 10.75 to 6.75 gr), root dry weight (from 8.57 to 5.6 gr), aerial fresh weight (from 13.63 to 8.38 gr) and aerial dry weight (from 8.18 to 6.32 gr) in compared with well-watered conditions was reduced. In contrast, root length in compared with well-watered irrigation increased (from 15.63 to 11.2 cm). But there was no considerable change in morphological traits under salinity stress in compared with well-watered conditions. Statistical results showed that stresses had significant effect (P≤0.01) on content of total alkaloid, total flavonoid, anthocyanin and chlorophyll concentration. The contents of total alkaloid, total flavonoid and anthocyanin increased under drought and salinity stresses in compared with well-watered condition. The highest (2.24 OD.g-1.FW) and the lowest (1.64 OD.g-1.FW) amount of total alkaloid was related to P. bracteatum under drought stress and P. somniferum in well-watered conditions, respectively. The P. somniferum could produce a high yield of alkaloids, because of minimal reduction in morphological characteristics. Overall, the accumulation of secondary metabolites under salinity and drought stresses has a positive correlation with stress tolerance and the metabolites accumulation under drought stress was higher than salinity.

Resveratrol is one of the most polyphenol with antioxidant capacity which has ability to inhibit or retard a wide variety of disease. Vitis vinife L., Pistacia vera L., Sambucus nigra L. and Ilex spinigera Loes. , which are abundant resveratrol sources in Iran. Therefore the fruits of these plants in ripening stage were collected in 2015 from different regions of Iran and were extracted by maceration method. The total phenol, flavonoid, resveratrol content and antioxidant capacity were measured by using Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, high performance liquid chromatography procedure (HPLC) and DPPH radical scavenging, respectively. The results were showed that the highest of total phenol and antioxidant capacity were observed in Sambucus nigra and Ilex spinigera, while the Vitis vinifera had the richest source of resveratrol (0/04±0.003 mg/g DW) and flavonoid, respectively. So in conclusion all of these plants could be a good natural antioxidant with the high resveratrol content in pharmaceutical industry

This present study is carried out to evaluate the phytochemical compounds such as total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of three extracts (methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous) in five different species of medicinal plants: Pulicaria gnaphalodes (Vent.) Boiss., Rhazya stricta L., Salvadora persica L., Teucrium polium L., and Hibiscus sabdariffa L.. These samples were collected in different regions from Sistan and Baluchestan, 2014.The plant extracts were obtained by maceration method, phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin-Ciocaltiu and Aluminum Chloride colorimetric, antioxidant activities were studied by two methods (DPPH and FRAP) and then antimicrobial activities were estimated by Disk-Diffusion method against four bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. The results were showed that in all species, the methanolic extract had high amount of secondary compounds, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. had maximum total phenolic (32.54±6.44 mgGAE/g) , flavonoid contents(27.11±1.00mgQUE/g) and antioxidant activity, (IC50=17.34±1.21µg/ml, 55.19±2.27 mM Fe2﹨) and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with inhibition zone (27±1.00mm) was the most sensitive bacteria to plant extracts. In contrast, the aqueous extract of Teucrium polium L. had the minimum value of total phenolic , flavonoid contents , antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity .Overall, these plants could be a good candidate for the treatment of diseases caused by oxidative stress and pathogenic microbes.

Olive is one of the moderately resistant plants to salinity and the amount of resistance depends on the cultivar. Therefore, this species can be used as a model to study the responses of wooden plants to salt stress. In this study, six-months-old plantlets of three olive cultivars, including Arbequina, Arbosana, and Koroneiki were under salt stress through various concentrations of sodium chloride, containing 0, 50, 100, and 200 mM for five months, and sprayed with proline at 0, 100, and 200 mg/L for three times. At the end of the stress period, the number of leaves on each plant was counted; and thickness, length and width, and fresh and dry weight of the leaves were measured. Carotenoid content of leaves was determined using DMSO, total leaf phenol was measured by Folinciocalteu reagent, and glucose levels were estimated based on McCready. The results indicated that the number of leaves was decreased by increasing salinity levels and Arbosana had the greatest reduction. Koroneiki showed a significant reduction in leaf length and width at 200 mM and application of proline could not prevent this decline. The lowest fresh and dry weight was observed at 200 mM salinity. Leaf thickness was increased in the response of salt stress and the content of carotenoids reduced. Among the cultivars studied, Arbosana had the lowest total phenolic contents. Also, at salinity 200 mM, the highest and the lowest sugar content was observed in Arbosana and koroneiki, respectively. Plantlets treated with proline 200 mg/L had the highest carbohydrates.

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. with non-calorie steviol glycoside is an effective drug to decrease of blood glucose in treat of diabetics. The goal of this study is obtaining of a novel method in order to a quantitative and qualitative extraction of stevioside as a non-calorie sweetener from Stevia. In this study the dry leaves of Stevia was prepared from Golsaran Shomal company and then in order to extraction of stevioside a solid phase molecularly imprinted extractor was prepared and some parameters affective on extraction of stevioside were optimized. An acrylate functional monomer and a cross linker were used to preparation of stevioside extractor polymer. Functional monomer to cross linker ratio and size and fining degree of the extractor were studied and evaluated. In this study analysis of the stevioside beside of HPLC was accrued by polarography method .The best ratio of functional monomer to cross linker was obtained in 0.2, also the best polymer particle size was obtained in 1000 micron for extraction of stevioside by the extractor and the amount of stevioside was determined 11.6% w/w in this plant.