پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 47 (تابستان 1396)

Long period of shahTahmasb majesty , considered as long stabilization and peace era of safavids especially after Amasieh peace. after death of shahTahmasb , conflictions over succession between different groups Ghezelbash , resolted in second shah Esmaeil majesty. Although the short reign of second Shah Ismail ¡but, accompanied with many events. To the throne Mohammed Khodabandeh ( 995-985 ) vision weakness and isolation of the king , along with internal disputes between Ghezelbash and Iran bureaucrats, Was causing political instability. Despite the establishment of Sultan Muhammad Khodabandeh on the throne of the Safavid and Control of the situation by Ghezelbash but because dissatisfaction in the lower layers of society , Qalandar succeeded of riots under second Shah Ismail with his impersonation form. These revolts were suppressed , though by the Safavid However, examples of grievances Changes made in the reign of Shah Abbas represent is an understanding of the insurgency. This study is an affort to investigate reasons of start and defeat of these uprisings in different aspects.

Login Prophet to Medina with the phenomenon called faction and the Islamic community were in a band called hypocrites. The group created abarrier to the spread of Islam began to conspire. Efk dangerous conspiracy was underway by the hypocrites. Hypocrites succeed in this adventure, escapism Social Prophet was followed. In this case, one of his wives was accused of adultery. Sunni Efk the story of Aisha and the revelation virtue for him to know. On the other hand, the Shiia affair with Marie will know. The author has no relation or connection with this matter Aisha and Marie show. It is also famous for being centered Aisha narrated Efk, some relate to the adventure with Aisha rejected Although the hypothesis A third party can also be raised in this affair. This time, the alleged relationship with Aisha Ali Despite the difficulties and ambiguities in the text of the report is of most interest. Efk in Mjv accident, regardless of the details and quarrel beyond the family, the most basic plotting was a prophet against the inner revelation. Efk hypocrites, and hypocrites plot was foiled.

Death of Cambyses and Bardia Achaemenid history is one of the darkest junctures. So, because of the importance of this issue, the main focus of the study period until the death of Cambyses and Darius takes Bardia. In this regard, we have tried to outline the course of historical events, this time limit should be according to the original sources, Then to analyze data and historical sources of information about the mystery death of Cambyses and Bardia also be addressed murder.
As a result of what has been presented in the final section, refers to this issue which is not only based Bardia conspiracy led by Darius seven family is exhausted, But according to the information available resources, can not be considered accidental death of Cambyses's because Cambyses and Bardia policy was based on consolidating his power against the aristocracy. So great nobility and the family did not want to, loss of privileges, so it reacted to the murder of Cyrus king of the branches were.

The United States has experienced two period of difference completely in the arena of Foreign Policy. Since its independence in 1776 to April 1917, the logic of Isolationism was dominant upon the Foreign Policy of this country. This long period of Isolationism can be divided into Isolationism restricted in the frame of US borders and also continental isolationism that dominated US diplomatic system by James Munroe since 1823. The second period in the US Foreign Policy inclined towards that has been continuing since 1917. Our goal in this research is to historical and also identify theoretical foundations of this tradition, that is, internationalism in the US Foreign Policy. In this sense, it seems that the internationalism tradition in this countrys Foreign Policy is nurturing through two main and at the same time confronting currents in international relations namely Rights based and Political based approaches. According to the nature of research, the method Historical - analytical and scope of research includes to United States.

Without a doubt, the formation of metropolises is one of the characteristics of Greece Civilization. In fact, it can be the beginning of the formation of political and cultural relations and a connecting point between semi historical-legendary events of Homer era and Greek history in Cleistens era. Athens, as an example among these metropolises had a significant role in intellectual, social and political development in Greece. Geographical factors, tolerance in religious beliefs, immigration and communication with other civilizations, and changes in the political foundations of the government were factors that caused Athens to reach the most perfect form of government in its intellectual, political and economic aspects. This article Using a historical analytical lens and through a reexamination, aims to analyze the role of these factors. The findings of the research show that the suitable political and geographical sircomstance hade played graet impact on social and political development in Athens.

Malkam Khan's thinking was based on the principles on which the spread of Western civilization around the world is not only a matter of history, but also a transformation of the conditions of the evolution of social life and the cause of human happiness and prosperity. Therefore, the condition of wisdom from his point of view is to accept the ritual of European civilization from heart and soul, and to develop our thinking for the evolution of history and the spirit of time. For this reason, he calls for fundamental reform in the apparatus of the Supreme Court, with the help of Western science and principles, which makes it a prerequisite for other developments. Against Islamists, there were Western-oriented intellectuals who were fascinated west and Western values, law and customary rule as well as separation of religion and politics, etc. This stream, which constituted a broad spectrum, suggested that Iran-Western prosperity is all about being Westernized by comparing and measuring Iran-West. People like Mirza Malkam Khan, who were directly incompatible with Islam, believed that people should be thoroughly westernized.

Adam Olearius (1599AD) is one of the most famous German tourists who resided as secretary and adviser of ambassador one year and a half in Iran. In his travelogue, he talked about various information and data the present paper tries to offer the implications of Iranian economy and markets from the view of Olearius travelogue. Safavid era is a boom era of Iranian markets. In Safavid era, the social and cultural functions of market were very important because market was not only for trade and commerce but as the most important city's highway, it places some of the important cultural and social urban elements such as Jameh mosque, religious schools, a Sufi monastery, public bath and etc. in itself and it was also connected with the administrative and governmental centers. Consequently, it was considered as the most important axis of relationship in the city's economic and social life. In Olearius travelogue, the most important and basic performance of markets is their economic performance considered as one of the important sources for recognition of the economic characteristics of Iranian community and the present paper tries to study the economic picture, market and income of the Iranian people in Safavid rea from the viewpoint of Olearius.