مجله تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی و معطر ایران
سال سی و چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 88، خرداد و تیر 1397)

To evaluate biomass and oil percentage at flowering stage in different accessions of medicinal plants Satureja spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss. (spic1, spic2, spic3)and S. sahendica Bornm. (sah1, sah2, sah3, sah4, sah5, sah6)under dry farming condition, an experiment was carried out based on three-replicated randomized complete block design in Damavand, Iran in 2014. Variance analysis showed significant differences (P

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasing disease in people with urban lifestyle and this disease may progress to NASH. Thymoquinone, as a powerful antioxidant and a traditional drug, was assessed in male NMRI mice with fatty liver. In this study, 40 NMRI mice were divided into four groups: healthy control, solvent, treatment 1 and 2, treating with 5 and 10 mg/ kg of thymoquinone by i.p. for 28 days, respectively. All groups were on high fat diet for four weeks except the healthy control group. At the end of the trial, the mice tissue and serum samples were collected and then biochemical and histological parameters were assessed. Our results showed that thymoquinone significantly decreased the triglyceride, VLDL, bilirubin, phospholipid, cholesterol, HOMA, and ALT levels in treatment 2 group compared to sham group (P

In order to study of dry matter yield, essential oil and morphological traits in Nepeta spp., nine accessions belonging to three species including Nepeta racemosa Lam., Nepeta menthoides Boiss. & Buhse and Nepeta cataria L. were evaluated in the Alborz research station, Karaj Iran in 2014. The seeds of accessions were sown in pots in greenhouse and then were transferred to field at vegetative growth stage. The accessions were arranged in a complete randomized block design in three repetitions. Each plot contained 15 spaced plants with 0.5 m intervals. The drip irrigation system was used for irrigation. Data were collected for plant height, flowers per plant, the canopy area, canopy diameter length, fresh and dry matter yield, and essence percentage. To extract the essential oil, the foliage was harvested at flowering stage and dried, milled and the essential oil was extracted using distillation method with water. Data were analyzed of variance and species means were compared based on Duncan method. The results of analysis of variance showed significant difference among the species for all traits except fresh and dry foliage yield. Result indicated that N. cataria was late maturity species and both N. menthoides and N. racemosa were early maturity species. The lowest canopy area was recorded for N. cataria as compared with the two other species. N. cataria had the highest plant height with an average value of 90.1 cm and N. racemosa had the highest flower density with an average value of 15.7 flowers per plant. For N. cataria, the Acc. 15062-Arak was a late maturity species and had higher essential oil yield. Similarly, the Acc. 21132-Bafgh had higher foliage production. In N. menthoides, the Acc. 27795-Meshkinshar had the highest canopy area.

In this study, the effects of salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate as two inducers were studied on antioxidant activity, photosynthetic pigments and flavonoids under salinity stress in Chelidonium majus L. This experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with four replications at Imam Khomeini International University during 2017. The elicitors were treated as foliar and mixed with irrigation. The factors studied included elicitors at three levels (distilled water as control, 2 mM salicylic acid, and 100 µM methyl jasmonate), salinity stress at two levels, urban water as control (EC=0.62 ds/m), salinity at 30 mM NaCl (EC=3.36 ds/m), and plant organs at three levels (leaf, root, stem). The analysis of variance showed that the main effects of salinity, elicitors, organs and their interactions were significant for most of the traits. The results of mean comparison for elicitors showed that methyl jasmonate increased carotenoid, flavonoids and anthocyanin. Both salicylic acid and methyl-jasmonate treatments reduced the amount and activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes under salinity stress. In mean comparison of the triple interaction effects, salinity놩扳⥢ acid闦 was the best combination of factors for chlorophyll (1.68 mg.g-1 FW) and carotenoid (0.54 mg.g-1 FW) contents. Also, the maximum content for anthocyanin (5.7 OD.gr-1 FW) was observed in non-salinity駫懊 jasmonate闦 and for flavonoids in salinity麉hormone (3.42 OD.gr-1 FW), non-salinity놩扳⥢ acid (3.27 OD.gr-1 FW) and salinity駫懊 jasmonate (3.2 OD.gr-1 FW) in leaf, respectively. The amount of total protein increased in salinity놩扳⥢ acid (56.72 mg.g-1 FW) and salinity駫懊 jasmonate (53.27 mg.g-1 FW) in contrast to reduction in salinity麉hormone (43.35 mg.g-1 FW). In conclusion, by applying the two mentioned elicitors, greater celandine does not need to increase the antioxidant defense system and will potentially improve the yield of biomass and some secondary metabolites under salinity stress.

Some plants have negative effects on growth of the adjacent plants through excretion chemical Some plants have negative effects on the growth of adjacent plants through excretion chemical compounds known as allelopathy. In this study, the allelopathy effects of different parts of Heliotropium europaeum L. on seed germination and seedling growth of Raphanus sativus L. were investigated. The treatments included the extracts of root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit and distilled water (control) on seed germination of R. sativus. Also, 1% of stem powder, the whole plant as mulch and the whole plant mixed with soil were studied. To assess the allelopathic effects of different parts of H. europaeum, a number of growth parameters such as seed germination, stem length as well as dry and fresh weight were evaluated. The results indicated that all parts of the plant had a significant effect on germination of radish seeds, but their effects were different, so that the flower and stem extracts had the maximum inhibitory effect. The comparison of stem length, fresh and dry weight of R. sativus seedling in control and different treatments of H. europaeum showed that there was a significant difference between different treatments and control samples. Among different treatments, the inhibitor effects of stem extract was higher than other extracts. It was concluded that H. europaeum extract especially flower and stem extracts had a strong allelopathic effect and inhibited seed germination of R. sativus and could berecommended in production of natural herbicides.

Hull-less seed pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) is an important medicinal plant and its seed and byproducts are used in the treatment of many diseases. Production of this plant uses a lot of water and nitrogen. Plastic mulch application may reduce the water and nitrogen requirements. Therefore, an experiment was conducted with the aim of evaluation of deficit irrigation and nitrogen effects on fruit, seed, and oil yield of hull-less seed pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) under plastic mulch in 2016. A split plot layout in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Main plots included complete irrigation under plastic mulch, moderate stress (75% of complete irrigation under plastic mulch), severe stress (50% of complete irrigation under plastic mulch), normal irrigation without plastic mulch and sub-plots consisted of complete nitrogen requirement, 80% of the full nitrogen requirement and 60% of the full nitrogen requirement. The results showed that there were no significant differences between moderate stress (75% complete irrigation under plastic mulch) and normal irrigation without mulch for fruit, grain and oil yield. However, under moderate stress, the plastic mulch reduced water and nitrogen requirements by 25 and 20%, respectively and produced a grain yield and oil yield similar to complete irrigation. Therefore, this technique can be used for water conservation and sustainability of agricultural production systems in arid and semi-arid areas.

In order to investigate the effects of Azotobacter on growth indices, yield and essential oil content of two cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) landraces under salinity conditions, an experiment was carried out in a factorial design arranged as randomized complete block design with three replications in 2015 at the Kashan University. The treatments included two cumin landraces (Ardestān and Mashhad Ardehal), four salinity levels (control, 100, 150 and 200 mili molar Nacl) and two levels of azotobacter (control and seed inoculation). Results showed that salinity and inoculation with bacteria had a very significant effect on germination rate and percentage, radicle length and plumule height. Increased concentrations up to 200 Mm sodium chloride resulted in a significant reduction in germination percentage and germination rate, radicle length, plumule height, grain yield and essential oil yield. According to the results, in both landraces and at all salinity levels, inoculation with bacteria, resulted in a significant increase in chlorophyll a, b, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, grain yield and essential oil yield compared to the control. The Ardestān landrace had the highest chlorophyll a and b, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and essential oil content and tolerated salinity better compared to the Ardehal Mashhad landrace. In salinity conditions, inoculation of seeds with Azotobacter could reduce the negative effects of stress and improve the germination rate, seed yield and essential oil yield. The results of this experiment indicated that Ardestān landrace could be cultivated and used to reduce the effects of salinity due to the inoculation with Azotobacter, and higher grain yield and essential oil yield could be obtained under conditions similar to this experiment.

Molecular, morphological and phenological markers were used to detect genetic diversity in several populations of Anthemis haussknechtii' Boiss. & Reut. growing in six different provinces in center and west of Iran. Variance analysis of morphologicalandphenological traits showed that all traits were significantly different among populations. Essential oil percentage, number of flowering stems and flower diameter showed the highest coefficient of variation (45.76, 38.76 and 32.86%, respectively). Six ISSR primers revealed 55 polymorphic bands, of which 38 (69.1%) were polymorphic. The ranges of distance between populations were varied from 0.009 to 0.439. According to the derived dendrogram from UPGMA, at a similarity level of 0.66, the populations were divided into two main groups. Grouping populations based on molecular markers was in accordance with geographical grouping. Among the populations, Ilam population is recommended for tropical areas with proper irrigation conditions, Ardakan and Khorramabad populations for commercial operators and research centers and Maybod population for cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions. Wide domain of genetic variation in this study could be considered as an available gene pool for A. haussknechtii improvement through selection and hybridization programs. Therefore, conservation strategies should be provided to maintain such diversity to apply in future breeding programs.

In order to evaluate essential oil yield and composition of fifteen accessions of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), an experiment was conducted in the experimental field of department of horticultural science of Shahid Chamran university of Ahvaz as a randomized complete block design with fifteen treatments (accessions) and three replications. Accessions were green (Yazd, Canada, Ramhormoz, Jahrom, Shiraz, Shahr rey, Dashtestan and Neyshabour), purple (Jahrom, Shiraz, Ramhormoz and Dashtestan), Golkhosheai, Thyrsiflora and Goldomaghrabi. Leaf yield, essential oil content, yield and components were evaluated. Results showed that there was a significant difference among accessions (P≤0.01) for measured traits. The maximum leaf yield was recorded in Golkhosheai and Goldomaghrabi accessions (613.6 and 550.33 gr.m2). The highest essential oil content was observed in Thyrsiflora (3.16%), Golkhosheai (2.93%) and Goldomaghrabi (2.07%) accessions and the highest essential oil yield was obtained in Golkhosheai, Thyrsiflora and Goldomaghrabi accessions (17.95, 14.72 and 11.42 gr.m2, respectively). According to essential oil analysis by GC-MS, approximately 32 compounds were identified in the essential oil of various basil accessions. Main essential oil compositions were linalool (0.12-68.43%), methyl chavicol (0-55.28%), geraniol (0-33.39%), geranial (0-42.09%), limonene (0-18.03%), methyl eugenol (0.38-4.85%), beta-caryophyllane (0-4.57%) and cubenol (0-6.22%). Essential oil of purple (Jahrom, Shiraz, Ramhormoz and Dashtestan) and Thyrsiflora accessions had the highest amount of methyl chavicol. Essential oil of Golkhosheai, Goldomaghrabi and Canada accessions was rich in linalool. Essential oil of green (Yazd, Canada, Ramhormoz, Jahrom, and Neyshabour) accessions had more geraniol and geranial than other accessions. Overall, the results of this study showed that each accession had a unique characteristic that can be used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food industries.

Birch (Betula pendula Roth.) is one of the most important species exposed to extinction due to the limited natural habitat and lack of regeneration. Plant tissue culture technique is an appropriate solution for asexual reproduction of this species and to protect it in controlled conditions. In this research, callogenesis of B. pendula was investigated using five types of explants (leave, stem, nodal, petiole and bark) in WPM and NT media enriched with two hormonal combinations including A) 1mg/l BAP, 0.1 mg/l 2,4-D and B) 0.1 mg/l BAP, 0.01mg/l TDZ). The results indicated that the minimum callogenesis was observed in nodal and petiole explants in NT medium enriched with A hormonal combination. Callogenesis, fresh and dry weight of bark, stem and leave explants were significantly decreased in WPM and NT media containing B hormonal combination as compared with A hormonal combination. The maximum callogenesis was observed in bark explant in WPM (81.14) and NT (70.36) media with A hormonal combination as compared with other explants. The average fresh and dry weight of this explant in NT medium was more than that of WPM medium with the same hormonal combination.

A range of methods are applied to enhance secondary metabolism in medicinal plants. Treatment of the plants with elicitors is one of these approaches. Salicylic acid (SA) exerts a positive impact on plant growth and yield. The present study, as a biannual field experiment, investigates the response of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) to different rates of SA under different regimes of nitrogen nutrition during years of 2014-2015. The experiment was made as a random complete block design based on split-plot with three replicates. The treatments included nitrogen fertilization rate as the main factor (0, 70, 140, 210, and 280 kg N ha-1 applied as urea) and salicylic acid, as the sub factor, was spayed at different concentrations (0, 100, 200, and 300 μM). In both years, the highest nitrate reductase activity was found in the roots of the plants treated with 200 μM SA and fertilized with 280 kg N ha-1. Interestingly, the foliar activity of the enzyme was influenced only by nitrogen, whereas the highest rate of activity was determined using 280 kg N ha-1 (2.87 and 2.82 μM nitrite g-1 FW h-1, respectively in the first and second year). Higher concentration of SA caused to increased content of nitrogen and free amino acid in the plants fertilized with higher rates of nitrogen. Nitrate, total phenol, and soluble carbohydrates content of leaf was reduced in both years as the result of high rate of nitrogen and high concentration of SA applied. In the first and the second year, the highest fresh yields (3316.2 and 3480.7 g m-2, respectively), the highest dry yields (811.7 and 855.6 g m-2, respectively) and essence (13.01 and 15.2 mL m-2, respectively) were obtained through annual application of 210 kg N ha-1. Collectively, the application of 210 kg N ha-1 together with SA (200μM) is recommended to achieve desired quantitative and qualitative yield.

In order to investigate the effects of iron and silver nanoparticles on morphological and physiological traits of borage (Borago officinalis L.), an experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2016 at the University of Zabol. The identification of synthesized nanoparticles was performed using FT-IR infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The treatments included iron and silver nanoparticles with four levels (control, 40, 60, 80 ppm), sprayed together and separately in two stages. The results indicated that spraying iron and silver nanoparticles had significantly different effects on soluble carbohydrates, mucilage, chlorophyll a, carotenoids, leaf and branch number, inflorescence height, flower number, and dry flower weight. Iron and silver nanoparticles (80ppm) had the highest effect on the traits measured. In all traits measured, iron nanoparticles were more effective than silver nanoparticles except chlorophyll b. Simultaneous use of iron and silver nanoparticles showed different effects on all traits, so that the highest significant difference was recorded for iron and silver nanoparticles at 80ppm.

This research was performed to investigate the effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) water extract on shelf life of rainbow trout fillet in the refrigerator (4±1ºC) based on total microbial load, chemical evaluation and sensory characteristics. For this reason, the fish were divided into three groups including fish with intravenous injection of rosemary extract at the rate of 0.1% and 0.3% (treatment 2 and 3), intramuscular injection of rosemary extract at the rate of 0.1% and 0.3% (treatments 4 and 5) and non-injected (treatment 1). Fish were caught and filleted 62 hours after injection, then kept for 16 days at refrigerator. During this period, peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), free fatty acids (FFA), total volatile nitrogen base (TVB-N) and total bacterial load (TVC) indices were measured every 4 days and also sensory evaluation was performed. According to the results, treatments 3 and 5 showed significant differences (P