فصلنامه جغرافیا (برنامه ریزی منطقه ای)
سال ششم شماره 4 (پیاپی 25، زمستان 1395)

Rafsanjan city, is located in north of Kerman province. This city is an important center of agriculture, especially the production of pistachio. Because the area is part of Iran's earthquake-prone areas, For urban planning and prosper of agriculture requires the city to be more earthquake fault phenomena considered. In terms of geology this city is located in central Iran and has three major faults.Bafgh-Baghin fault in the northeast, Rafsanjan fault in the south and southwest and Rafsanjan-Zarand fault in the east and northeast of the city have been created. Safety and protection of urban areas against earthquakes which can be used as the primary goals of land use planning in earthquake-prone areas to be considered. Rafsanjan fault and Rafsanjan-Zarand fault have a history of earthquake and that should be considered in planning. Bafgh-Baghin fault does not have a history of earthquake But is active fault that could cause future earthquakes. North-eastern to east and south-western to West areas of city are not suitable to expand or create important structures and physical development as well as agricultural land. In the north-western and south-eastern of city are tectonic and seismic safety And are suitable to expand the city and create structures, establishment and spread of agricultural land.Shifts in streams and create ridgesBy moving faults Can affect the development of residential areas and agricultural land.

Many planners and policy makers in the field of development have enumerated the tourism industry as the main pillar of sustainable development. Accordingly, if proper planning is undertaken and due attention is directed towards identification of opportunities and constraints of tourism, it can play an effective role in the development of the economic relations and ties as well as national and regional development and diversification of the national and regional economy. The sustainable success and growth of tourism depends on proper and harmonious performance of diverse and intertwined elements and factors. As such, investment security is considered as one of the most important factors in this regard. Accordingly, this paper examines the relationship between sustainable tourism development and investment security in terms of resistive economy. Since sustainable tourism reduces the dependency level on oil revenues, it is considered an environment-friendly phenomenon which occupies a unique status in the resistive economy. The results of ARDL model estimation method delineate that the notion of investment security plays a vital role in tourism development. Besides, if the investment security is improved across the country, it may be argued that an important step has been undertaken toward tourism development and attainment of goals stipulated in resistive economy.

The research indicates that, in order to promote the understanding level of environmental values and raise the conservation of natural resources in the world, the value of ecotourism is increasing day by day. The goal of this research is to understand the environmental conditions of Qeshm based on ecotourism and providing the proper for developing it and the theories argue such that there are the facilities to attract and development of tourists and also, Qeshm has considerable capabilities in terms of ecotourism. The research method is descriptive-analytical and its purpose is applicable and since it is rooted in the past, the historical method was used and eventually, the SWOT model is utilized to address the environmental characteristics of Qeshm and then the analysis of the situation of ecotourism capabilities especially resources, natural attractions and facilities and accommodation of Qeshm is mentioned and after that, the strategies for sustainable development of Qeshm have been presented. The results and findings indicate the high ecotourism capability of Qeshm in order to develop the tourism industry and have provided the excellent opportunities to the officials and managers for developing the city. While the infrastructures of tourism and ecotourism are faced to the weaknesses which by proper planning and providing the requirements, we can reduce the severity of the weaknesses and establish the strengths and take the most advantages from the opportunities along with the sustainable development of Qeshm.

The existence of arid and semi-arid areas in a dominant part of Iran and continual occurrence of drouth in recent decades cause several limitations against economic development planning due to water resources shortage. Therefore, adoption of a water harvesting strategy and its conformity with indigenous conditions of the country is of critical importance. Since air humidity in southern Iran exceeds%85 in many days of the year, there is good possibility for water harvesting through installation of water collector systems. Exact site selection based on effective factors on the procedure can prevent wastage of time, human, and financial resources. For this aim, at present study, meteorology data layers was provided first, and weighted in GIS environment by Boolean method. Then the maps were compiled to obtain suitable locations for water harvesting. Finally, the created layers were incorporated to identify suitable region for determined months.

City as the greatest achievement of human beings, in addition to providing life facilities and requirements, should prepare its citizens through education to take appropriate and positive roles in the scenes of urban life. As the level of people’s awareness in lifestyle increases, a dire need for a life-long education becomes significant. However, the need to learn cannot be simplified solely in the form of formal education; in fact, the training should be conducted through innovative methods always available to the citizens. The trained citizen can have various effects on the social changes of their city. To gain aaccess to the basic principles in the training cities and evaluating its values, first a precise definition of concepts such as education is taken into account. This is followed by the effect of education on society, communication in training, its function in the urban environment and its role upon the participation of citizens’ in urban areas to present a comprehensive definition of the training city. Therefore, this article uses a combined approach (Descriptive-correlational) to discuss the principles of training spaces in the city's criteria. This is an attempt to reach onto new principles in the layout of the urban fabric and redefine a new role for urban spaces with a training approach.

The research method is survey and tools for data collection are questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The sample community is defined by classifying the stakeholders. Cochran method is used for tourists and local community. Business enterprises and state departments in Oraman takht were interviewed. Reliability and validity of questionnaire have been tested and confirmed by professors and Cronbach’s alpha method. Data analysis has been done using SPSS software. Questions in the interview are based on the views of professors and are in the form of open interview. The data collected have been analyzed first using the stakeholder theory and the classification of the four groups. During the identification of stakeholders, characteristics of each have been spotted. According to the findings of stakeholder theory, the research hypotheses have been evaluated on the basis of what characteristics each group has. There is a relative balance between features of power, legitimacy, and necessity in the Oraman takht. Quantitative results of hypothesis test showed that the relation between the variables of power, legitimacy and necessity. Stakeholders’ understanding of tourism impacts (dependent variable) were confirmed for local people and Oraman takht tourists, but the relation between power variable and stakeholders’ understanding of tourism impacts were not confirmed Oraman takht’s sample tourist community. Also in the analysis of interviews, all the relations were confirmed for sample communities of both business enterprises and government agencies in the Oraman takht, in regard to the impacts of tourism.

This study aims at Regeneration the improvement and reconstruction of worn-out urban textures with emphasis on the model of urban good governance. This article tried to answer these questions: "How is the Deh-e Vanak district in terms of the urban good governance indexes?" and "How could it be possible to reconstruct and improve the worn-out textures by applying this model of urban management?". The study was conducted in descriptive-analytical research method, and it was an applied-developmental study in terms of the research purposes. The analytical unit was the household head. The household heads were selected in a simple random sampling method, and the field data collected through questionnaire was entered into the SPSS software and the results of which were analyzed and finally, the conclusion of research hypotheses test was produced. As shown by the study results, the Deh-e Vanak district was considered to be in an inappropriate status as far as the urban good governance indexes were concerned, and the same was true regarding the worn-out settlement textures. In addition, a survey of the factors affecting the improvement and reconstruction of the worn-out textures showed that among the other factors, confidence in social associations and institutions of the district as well as trusting those in charge of the reconstruction plans including executives and implementation managers were the most effective factors according to the respondents.

In this research using Tourism Climate Index of Mieczkowski, we will assess the tourism comfort climate in Yazd province. Mieczkowski index systematically assess the climate terms for the tourism activities using the 7 parameters, the monthly maximum daily temperature mean)oC(,daily temperature mean, daily minimum relative humidity mean (%), daily relative humidity mean (%),rain fall (mm) and total sunny hours. In this research, we aimed to study the climatic quality terms of Yazd province in aspect of comfort and identifying the tourism climatic calendar of Yazd province based on TCI. To reach this aim, statistical data related to 15 years (1995-2010) for 17 synoptic station of Yazd province and in neighboring stations was compiled and after analyzing them in Excel and preparing the database, TCI index for regional stations separated by months of year, was calculated, then TCI map was illustrated using GIS. Results achieved from zoning the Yazd province tourism climate in different months of year indicate that months of April, May, October and November have 3 descriptive classes, including ideal, excellent and good and also March has two descriptive classes, including ideal and excellent which in front of it, months of July, August and December have 4 descriptive classes, including undesirable, low, acceptable and good which have the worst comfort conditions. Since in the method of Mieczkowski, the excellent class is the most desirable period regarding the climatic comfort for tourism,and dominant ecotourism is the desert (wilderness) ecotourism, therefore, the best period for desert tourism are in the months of April, may, October, November and March.

Islam in all aspects and human relations both divine and human relations but even in human relationships with animals and other objects interfere and for all its regulations, but certainly at None of the Muslim sources as the environment has not been ruled but without a doubt, about water, soil, land, air, purity, impurity, dirt, pollution, storm, wind, dust, fire, loss, causality and such issues There is Strong provisions In verses and hadiths and other sources sentences as well as the laws of Iran. The most important research questions are: What is the legal and statutory boundary of environmental law? Does the law as well as criminal law enforcement for environmental damage there Importers or not? Given that Subject injuries and environmental challenges Is one of the most important problems that has faced Modern man with serious challenges. This problem it's important than it direction that Life-threatening symptoms become apparent and is threatened Present and future generations because of widespread environmental contamination.

This study aims to examine the spatial distribution of population and activities in Zanjan province. For the analysis of the urban system of population and to evaluate the rate of urban primacy, three methods of determining primacy rate and the characteristics of the primate city, in conjunction with the indicators of decentralization and rank-size rule were applied. Then for functional analysis of urban systems indicators obtained from the theoretical literature were used by factor analysis method. Using cluster analysis the classification of urban system was obtained. Results of this study show that the Zanjan province has primacy but its intensity is reduced and the urban system is moving towards a more balanced distribution. For the functional analysis indicators such as demographic factors, educational factors - cultural, housing indicators, economic indicators were used. In the classification proposed in this study, Zanjan city is prposed as the premier city in Zanjan province, cities of Abhar, Gheydar and Mahneshan are in the second tier, cities of Khoramdareh, Soltanieh, Zarrin Abad, Gharmab, Chavarzagh, Sojas are in the third level, Zarrin Rood, Sayin Ghale, Halab, Dandy and Heedaj are in the fourth tier.

Aim of this research is to have a conceptual perception of the success rate in smartening of schools and to study consequences in the grounds of educational improvement and effectiveness of learning and teaching in individual decision making and group work skill achievements. Studied variables through this research are of independent (smartening methods) and dependent (smartening fulfillment) which literally studies the overlap of target educational centers with smartening provision. This also is in to evaluating the success rate of school smartening in motives creation for students.In this research the entire smart schools in Solegan have been studied through which the overall five school managers and fifty five instructors were questioned by interviews and questioners and the gathered information has been processed by adapting attributive and deductive statistics with the assistance of k-square distribution technique and the rest of the data processing was done through conceptual model of smart schools. The exploited results indicate that educational centers are strikingly deviated from smartening provision conducted by government and there is not elaborating relation between what has been done and improvement of tutors’ skills but fortunately at last a defining relation between smartening infrastructures and motives creations in students was found as if the existing facilities have generated attraction and lifted the education level and durability of the knowledge inculcation into students minds. It has to be mentioned that students are supposed to participate the team works, ad hoc and apprentice conferences so as to update themselves to the latest achievements.

In recent years, the planers and Policymakers especially in developing countries have focused on the physical planning of rural settlements in order to lead of physical elements logically in rural field. The acceptance of this reality is inevitable. Because the guidance of socio-economic and physical approaches related to rural settlements without a coordinated and consistent program in the field of physical development is so difficult and impossible. The goal of present research is the study of implementation quality of rural guide plan and its socio-economic and physical effects in the border villages of Zahak Township (situated in the east of Iran). The statistical population of this research covers all villages in which guide plan has been employed and the samples are villages that at least 2 years have passed since the completion of implementation of guide plan. Based on these, in this research, 16 villages have been investigated that according to the number of households residing in these villages and by using the Cochran formula, 356 heads of households was determined as household samples. In order to achieve research goals with the use of the documentary studies, a wide range of indicators with socio-economic and physical dimensions were determined and with the use of field studies, the situation of all of them have been investigated. In this regard, field observation forms for evaluating the implementation quality of guide plan and household questionnaires was used to evaluate their effects. On the other hand, In order to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaires and field observation forms, the capabilities of ArcGIS software for spatial analysis and the capabilities of SPSS software for statistical analysis (test of One-way Anova and test result of Kendall's tau-b correlation) are used. The results showed that Implementation quality of guide plan only in three villages of 16 villages is at the desired level and also in five villages is at a low level. On the other side, based on statistical analysis, there is a significant difference in the villages between the levels of guide plan effects in different dimensions and the highest effects of guide plan is in economic dimension (With an average of 3.07) and other dimensions are lower than middle level of effects. In addition, there is a direct relationship with a medium correlation between the level of guide plan effects in studied villages and their population growth rate.

Optimum water resources management requires a deep understanding of the impacts of land-use changes on the hydrological cycle of the region of interest. This study set out to make an illustration of land-use changes and its consequents on groundwater quality in Yazd-Ardakan plain. The data series on EC and SAR along with satellite imageries for 1997and 20015 were used to achieve this goal. The NDVI index was used to prepare land-use map for the study area. The results suggested a reduction of 300 Km2 in the area of rangelands during the time, which has been converted to residential and urban areas. It has also been shown that the groundwater quality of the southern parts is of suitable quality for agricultural purposes, and a major reduction could be trended further towards the north. Yet, signs of groundwater quality deterioration are evident especially in the northern and eastern sections. This could be attributed to the expansion of urban areas along with the intensification of industrial activities in Meybod and Ardakan counties, as well as illegal drillings and establishment of Pistachio orchards. The outcome has been shrinking rangeland areas with dwindling groundwater resources which are on the process of heavy salinization. These could be regarded as the symptoms of an alarming situation as the land is being rearranged for the activities which heavily depend on groundwater resource.

This paper aims to investigate the role of information and communication technology on cultural life style in the rural Areas in the Meshkinshahr County. This study is descriptive - analytical in terms of research methods, practical in terms of nature and is a library and field kind of research in terms of the type of data collection. The tool used in measuring the questionnaire was made by the researcher.Statistical society of research included all of rural that have had ICT office. In addition for determining sample size the rural peoples of settled in the rural areas of Meshkinshahr county was used Cochran formula. Finally, the sample size of rural peoples 195 was determined. Sample size was determined based on the Cochran’s formula and the required data were collected through questionnaires. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and experts and its reliability was determined based on Cronbach's alpha (0.75-0.85). For data analysis, SPSS software was used. The results of research showed that there was a statistically significant positive relationship between language change, consumerism and behavioral change and using of ICT services. Finally, based on the results analysis, some applied recommendations have been provided.

One of the important issues between I.R.Iran – Russia relation is integration between these two countries after imposing the sanctions during the period 2013-2015. Both countries have common features and proximities on the subject of sanctions imposed by the west and counter the U.S penetration. In order to better understand strategic and tactical relations of two actors, it is necessary that the relation to be analyzed in different levels. This research aims at exploring developments have taken placed between these two countries during the above mentioned period and analyze its impact on improving long-term integration between them and using descriptive - analytical methods and has let to this matter that the broad developments of the last two years occurred in international relations Iran and Russia cannot be considered as a amplification factor in the both countries long-term convergence. Although both countries are seeking to develop bilateral relation, but to suppose that this relationship is strategic is not compatible with reality.

This study began for aimed to investigate the effect of different dimensions of social development in the island began. Systems theory Parsons was selected as a conceptual framework and various aspects of development based on four subsystem Parsons was determined. Historical research methods and techniques used in this study, analysis of documents. due to the improving indicators of justice, security, prosperity, independence, freedom and spirituality in society, spirituality, to strengthen ethics and real progress in all areas, so as to real contexts to achieve comprehensive development in the country. In planning for the realization of national reserves and actual progress must collect the talents, the formation of research groups, research and academic goals correct distribution facilities, training mighty theorists, investment in new science and functionality, boost morale and self-esteem and motivation be considered progress.

Climate change is a complex volcanoes, atmosphere, oceans, and the percentage of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is, Effects are mutual. These changes lead to changes in the water and air, changing the spatial and temporal distribution of water supply and quality of groundwater aquifers and a whole new trend in the causes of global climate. And precipitation type (solid or mab), surface currents, evaporation, Tba industrial revolution intensified the use of energy. Reports of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, suggest that average global temperatures in 2100 could not reduce the rate of 1/1 to 6/4 °C increases, this phenomenon occurs a phenomenon called global warming and climate change will result from it, the water cycle and water resources systems can be a radical change. Karun large catchment area whit about 12 large dams have been built and being built with the potential to produce 20 thousand megawatts of power generation is very important. Thus, detection and consequences of climate change and climate change in this area is very important. In this study, using data from the atmospheric general circulation models(GCM) under the SRES emissions scenarios, rainfall and temperature changes in the period 2039-2010 for the stations as the stations or Iran’s Karun basin is large, is simulated. The average monthly temperature and precipitation data required in the course of the next series of models HadCM3 and CSIRO atmospheric general circulation models under scenarios A2 and B1 using proportional data provided by the base period and further investigated Dvz.h is. The results indicate increased temperature for both models, respectively, 8/1 and 2 degrees Celsius and a decrease in rainfall for the period 2039-2010 are 6 and 4 percent.

Today, cities are against on military and missile threats. Wars in comparing with past had different dimensions and complexity and greater violence. According to a theory, today's war has not included on the borders and cities have become the new battlefield. hence no choice but to, defense and security considerations apply the necessary measures in urban design using multi-functional and multi-functional spaces that can be have main role and significant effect on reducing vulnerability of cities in enemy threats against. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors that reduce vulnerability and secure living and working in the city, using a multi-functional shelter in urban planning and development based on passive defense considerations. This study, using indicators such as land use, network communication, building quality, building age, building property, buildings structures, population density, historical building, drinking water wells and gas pipelines, based on hierarchical analysis model and also GIS has been applied in allocating of multi-functional shelters in Kashmar city.
According to research goals Kashmar city were selected for study and research in this field. City of Kashmar were located in the center of Khorasan province in northeastern Iran. The method of this study isoptimum locatin and allocation of multi-functional emergency shelters with passive defense approach using GIS.for this we established an analyzing vital factors, such as land use, network communication, building quality, building age, building property, buildings structures, population density, historical building, drinking water wells and gas pipelines, based on hierarchical analysis model and also GIS has been applied in allocating of multi-functional shelters in kashmar city. In order to provide the best location for multi-functional shelters in the city, or perform an optimal allocation or location, with each level of importance for each facility or site,should be done in the regular process with consideration to vital indices. For example the best process in location has rour steps: 1) exploring the characteristics of site or activity 2) study of the proposed area condition 3) determine the main factors and their weights 4) collecting information and required data for indices. And in this study for locating themulti-functional shelters we estabilished on mentioned process and followed all the ruls and steps.
Result and One of the most important needs in times of crisis, is using of the buildings that have the potential to become sanctuaries, to deploy the people in it and to provide their needs. Buildings such as warehouses, parking lots, buildings with no military value, libraries, chain stores and subway stations, mosques, etc can be mentioned. These places aren’t in strategic shapes but they can take a strategic role. We can change their usges, during the crisis, and used the potential spaces as a shelter. Vulnerability of urban areas are different from one place to another. Therefore, in this study, we classified the areas of kashmar city to find optimal areas for establishing of civil defense shelters in compliance with the essential predictors and factors. Therefore according to these optimal areas, shelters allocated to the appropriate areas with AHP method, and 14 spots with an area of 200 to 500 square meters were selected. Finally the sensitivity of these 14 spots, were analyzed, by Expert Choice software in consideration with 10 vital indicators, used in the location process.
The results ofoptimum location and allocation of multi-functional emergency shelters with passive defense approach using GIS, indicated that about 14 zones has been sensitivity analysis and prioritizing, and by applying a 900 meters radius as functional radius using software Expert choice all of allocation shelters has been located in within the city limits cover and those in the radius of destruction assets are critical for crisiss management. Generally all the people in the city, can be deployed in located shelters.