فصلنامه دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران
سال هشتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 29، پاییز 1397)

Nowadays, resiliance concept, which often reffer to social science, applies certain principals, the ability to recover and survive is one of its ideal forms. Furthermore, there are various and sometimes opposite values within all social systems. The fact that an issue is prioritize than the other or keeping current situation is prior to any other ones should be considere. Therefore, this study emphasised on explanation and analysis the social resilience in the field of natural disasters management.
This research is a revisional study by using various library and internet resources; totally, from a total of 145 papers and books, 90 valid ones and related ones about social resilience were considered and analyzed.
Findings: According to the discussed issues in this study, three important aspects of social resilience were identified as follow: 1. the ability of social performers to cope with and overcome all the obvious difficulties; 2. their capabilities to learn from past experiences and to modify them in order to overcome new challanges in the future (adaptive capacities) , and; (3) their ability to create institutions to foster individual welfare and sustainable powerful society against current and and future crises (transformational capacities).
The results show that social resilience is perceived as a dynamic process rather than a certain status or the characteristics of an entity and social being, which at different times and locations have different strategies and plans to deal with disaster. A study of social resilience emphasizes the enclusion of social performers in their own environment and society. Thus, this is a rational concept rather than an intrinsic concept. Social learning, participatory decision making and collective transformation processes are recognized as the main aspects of social resilience. Social resilience is not only a dynamic concept but a kind of deep political understanding.

Crisis management in an effective management cycle includes prevention, preparedness, coping and reconstruction. Prevention, which reduces the risks and in consequence the likelihood of disasters, is an important part of the crisis management cycle, since it is the best option to reduce the likelihood of a crisis by preventing the risk. Remote sensing may be used to reduce disasters by identifying and understanding hazards. Remote sensing provides spatial data which are useful in disasters and crisis management cycle. One of the important steps in the phases of prevention and coping is disaster monitoring, which can greatly reduce the risk of disasters. Remote sensing also plays a very important role in providing timeline images and necessary data to monitor and implement land evaluation and assessment. Remote sensing technology can help crisis managers and land planning planners by addressing some disaster incentives through providing the necessary data. The purpose of this study is to consider the applied data and to list practical examples and providing an example of the application of remote sensing data in drought monitoring.
This study initially introduced and considered some examples of the applications and the types of necessary data and informations for every step of a cycle including the source data of optics, thermal and artificial stomatal radar on spatial and temporal scales, due to the lack of a comprehensive Persian source regarding the study of the crisis management cycle and the applications of remote sensing data. At the end, a case study of remote sensing time series data application in disaster monitoring in the phase of prevention is considered.
Findings: The efficiency of remote-sensing images of the MODIS sensor in diasters monitoring was demonstrated at the regional scale due to the relatively high spatial and temporal resolution.
Remote sensing is an effective tool within crisis management cycle. MODIS time series images include NDVI vegetation indexes and land temperature (LST) are proper for drought monitoring

The study of seismic vulnerability and providing vulnerability reduction strategies are the important issues. Therefore, this paper deals with the study, analysis and strategies for reducing seismic vulnerability in a neighborhood from the eastern Golestan area in Tehran's 22nd district. For this purpose, this paper has been written with the aim of reducing losses in an earthquake, identifying the vulnerability of the case study, identifying the safe and dangerous points of the case study and providing identification and evacuation maps in the area.
The method used in this research is a descriptive-analytical method of survey type. At first, to gather information resources is needed. Different methods such as observation have been used to collect data. Mapping, imaging and GIS maps have also been used. Library resources, including articles, books, reports, written documents, and valid electronic sites are used for finding the solutions.
Findings: Seismic vulnerability reduction strategies are divided into three categories: structural, non-structural, and managerial solutions. The results of the research show that in addition to the measures to reduce the structural and non-structural vulnerability in the neighborhood, management solutions and the role of education and readiness of people in a disaster like earthquake are very important. Also, using simple and efficient methods, non-structural components can be resilient to the disasters such as earthquakes.
Installation of fire alarm sirens, fire extinguishers, signs and evacuation marks in routes, signboards indicating safe and dangerous places, reinforcement of fittings in urban furniture, reduction of glass surfaces As far as possible in the walls of the building and the use of plastic and laminate layers to prevent it from falling and crushing the glasses, along with the attention to management solutions, the amount of damage at the level of the neighboring unit is minimized.

Background and The cities expansion and gradual increse the number of metropolises as well as population centralization, incresing the environmental and economical exploitation, have created crisis in urban areas. Considering the importance of public participataion in an ideal crisis management, the purpose of this study is considering the function of public participation of Behshar city in crisis management as well as effective elements in public participation and providing solutions to attract public in order to improve crisis management.
In this paper, descriptive-analytical and survey research methodes has been used. The statistical population of the study is citizens of Behshahr city. Based on the Cochran formula, samples of 264 householders were selected randomly; the data were collected by documentary and field study and analyzed by using SPSS software.
Findings: The results indicate that the observed average of T test (11.62) is higher than the expected average (10), in other words, the public participation improve crisis management, the most effective role in improving the crisis management is related to the Satisfaction Index of the municipality’s activity, local organizations, crisis management (17.34) and the infrastructure (15.88).
The impact of people and their participation may affect widely on success a plan; the determination of the needs, demands, prioritization of the program and crisis management plans is not possible except with the public participation.

The assessment of vulnerability to drought in different areas is a new scope in literature in spatial planning and environmental planning, and various researchers, according to their research subjects, have presented different approaches in this subject. Considering that Iran is also one of the countries exposed to extensive droughts, the necessity of categorizing and recognizing the theoretical frameworks affecting the formation of various vulnerability assessment approaches for researchers in this field has become more urgent.
This paper tries to classify the approaches to drought vulnerability assessment by using the comparative study method and considering the relationship between the epistemology and ontology of the "drought vulnerability", and to provide a theoretical framework for the ontology of approaches to assess the vulnerability to drought.
Findings: Vulnerability assessment approaches to drought can be divided into three categories and a dual classification from the ontology point of view; from the perspective of epistemology, these approaches are influenced by four concepts including effects, adaptability, risk and model.
The drought Vulnerability Assessment Approaches from the perspective of epistemology are influenced by four concepts including effects, adaptability, risk and model, and from the perspective of ontology, they can be divided into two general categories. Each of these categories itself contains smaller categories that are affected by how vulnerabilities are defined. The most important achievement of this paper is to illustrate the relationship between each of these categories and the epistemological roots that govern them, which makes researchers, prior to assessing vulnerability to drought, having sufficient knowledge of the epistemic roots of approach to best evaluation.

This paper is about the crisis of massive power outages in Khuzestan province in February 1395, which was affected by environmental problems. There was many social, economical and security consequences due to this incident, so the purpose of this paper is analyzing the media representation of the crisis in order to provide the basis for developing guidelines for crisis management to similar incidents.
The news of the incident in national and local IRIB channels, news agencies, social Medias as well as statements by the Ministry of Energy and its affiliated organizations were used as statistical population in this study. The news selected by available and targeted sampling means, then analyzed in a thematic analysis method. The adequacy point to define sample volume in each group was the theoretical saturation.
Findings: The analysis of the data along with drawing up the thematic maps, showed that IRIB as a national media conforming to the point of view of the sovereignty has addressed the subject; the narrative of the news agencies reflects civil society's view of the incident, the social media indicated the point of view of the affected and hurt people in the crisis, as well as the Public relations’ statements have also been in the line with organizational policies.
This study showed that IRIB have paid more attention to the information and demanding functions and neglecte cultural functions as well as national coherence and public partnership. News agencies reflect the incident in a comprehensive manner according to their organizational policies. Social media had shown mostly protests and demands instead of its potential to cohesion, inform and resource preparation. The public relation’s statements often reflect activities related to incident and description the reasons of the crisis.

Backgrounds and Snowfall has a decisive role in supplying water resources, agricultural economics, and outbreak of drought crisis. On the other hand, snowfall during the cold season causes various problems and damages in various sectors such as buildings, utilities, transportation and energy.
In this research, in order to identify the atmospheric patterns associated with heavy snowfall in Hamadan province, four meteorological stations were used in the period of 20 years; after identification of snowy days, with the aim of identifying dominant patterns, hierarchical clustering method was applied to data of geo-potential height of 500 hPa. In the following, one day was selected as a sample and analyzed for a closer look. For this purpose, ground surface pressure data (SLP), omega, geo-potential heights (HGT), Zonal wind (U) and meridian wind (V) at various levels were collected from website of the National Center of Environmental Prediction (NCEP / NCAR), to draw the synoptic maps in GrADS software.
Findings and The results showed that in the upper levels of the atmosphere, four dominant patterns were distinguishable which play a major role in the occurrence of heavy snowfalls. In these patterns, the dominant constituent is deep trough. Considering the representative day maps showed that the performance of the omega and vorticity indexes, the atmosphere's thickness conditions, and jet stream situation is such that atmospheric changes from the ground to the upper level of the atmosphere are completely related and provide the appropriate conditions for heavy snowfall incredible and heavy snowfall.