نشریه اکوفیتو شیمی گیاهان دارویی
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 22، تابستان 1397)

Salvia L. is one of the most important members of the Lamiaceae family. Since ancient times, sage has been considered for many medicinal properties.The objective of this research was to determine the phytochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of eighteen Salvia species collected from various regions of West Azerbaijan province. In this study total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total carotenoid and chlorophyll and antioxidant capacity were determined by using Folin–Ciocalteu assays, aluminum chloride method, Lichtentaler method and DPPH assay, respectively. The results showed that species type has significant effect on phytochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity (p

In order to investigate the variation of morphological characteristics and essential oil composition of Echium ittalicum L., this study was carried out in nested plot design at three different heights with three habitats of Sanandaj, Marivan and Divandareh in Kurdistan province. Aerial parts of plant in flowering stage were collected in summer 2013 from different regions. The plant height, fresh and dry weight, simple and rosette leaf length and width, internodes length, stem diameter, number of flower, number of leaves and branches were evaluated as physiological characteristic and chlorophyll content, measuring elements NPK in the soil, leaves and flowers. Essential oil of plant samples were obtained by Distillation with distilled water (clevenger apparatus) and were analyzed by GS/MS, the mucilage content were evaluated with distill water separation method and sedimentation by 96% ethanol. Results were showed that the shoot height, the internode length, stem diameter, leaf number and percentage of mucilage and essential oil decreased with the altitude increases and so decrease of temperature, while chlorophyll content increases. The borneol, comphene and hexadecanoeic acid methyl ester have been higher than other essential oil compounds and the highest essential oil yield obtained in Sanandaj ecotype at 1557 meters above sea level.

In order to evaluation of phytochemical and growth changes from Thymus vulgaris L. under moderate abiotic stresses, an experiment was carried out at Imam Khomeini International University in a completely randomized design with three replications during 2016. The treatments consisted of drought (50% FC), salinity (100 mM NaCl) and non-stress control (100% FC). Root fresh weight, root dry weight, root length, main branch diameter, sub-branch diameter, sub-branch number, shoot dry weight, shoot fresh weight, plant height, relative water content and chlorophyll content were measured. Also, total phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins were assayed in leaves, roots and stems by using spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis showed that drought and salinity had significant effects on morphological traits, except for shoot dry weight and number of lateral branches. Generally, morphological traits affected by drought stress in compared with non-stress condition; so that, plant height, main branch diameter, lateral branch diameter, root dry weight, root fresh weight and shoot fresh weight decreased under drought stress compared to non-stressed plants. Analysis of variance showed that stresses had significant effects on leaf and stem flavonoids and phenol contents. By contrast, there was no significantly difference between drought and saline stresses in terms of total flavonoids and phenol of roots. Mean comparisons showed that the amount of leaf phenols and flavonoids increased under drought stress in compared with non-stress condition. In conclusion, this study showed that drought and salinity were increased secondary metabolites in thyme, but the effect of salinity in increasing of secondary metabolites was lower than drought stress.

Heracleum persicum Desf. Ex Fischer. Is belongs to Apiaceae family, which has been used as a spice and food flavor, pickles agent and anti-worm, carminative, appetizer, and diuretic properties in Iranian traditional medicine. Morphological variation among eight wild-growing populations of Heracleum persicum including Ahar, Kalibar, Marmishou, Silvana, Gardane hairan, Asalem, Aynalou, Meshkinshahr were studied in west North of Iran. In present work, 16 traits of this plant were applied for classifying samples by means of cluster and principal component analysis (PCA). Moreover phytochemical indices including essential oil (EO) % and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP methods) were evaluated. The seed essential oil was obtained by water distillation (Clevenger apparatus), based on cluster analysis populations and were categorized in three groups. The results were showed that the highest and lowest percentage of essential oils was recorded in Aynalou and Meshkinshahr (5.8%) and Silvana (3 %) respectively. Also, the Maximum and the lowest antioxidant activity by DPPH and FRAP was belonged to Meshkinshahr and Gardaneheiran with 67.09% and 58.98 (µmol Fe /g DW) and Aynaloo and Asalem with 47.30 % and 15.52 (µmol Fe /g DW) respectively. Considering that the Meshkinshahr population with the highest antioxidant activity, maximum number of umbel and essential oil percentage, it was introduced as the elite genotype for priority projects of breeding and alsoas medicinally valuable source to local market consumption.

Thyme daenensis, scientifically known as Thymus daenensis Celak belongs to the Lamiaceae family. The aerial part of Thymus daenensis encompasses phenolic compounds and has powerful antifungal and antioxidant properties. Due to its potential to produce the secondary metabolites, it also has anti-mutation and anti-cancer properties. In this study, in order to investigate the phytochemicals, antioxidant, antifungal properties and also the cell cytotoxicity, the aerial parts of Thymus daenensis were collected from Zagheh area in Lorestan province Khorramabad, in June 2017. The chemical compounds of the essential oil were extracted using water distillation and analyzed using Chromatography (GC) and Gass Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Broth microdilution, MTT, and DPPH methods were utilized to determine the antifungal and antioxidant properties and cell cytotoxicity, respectively. In the essential oil, the most significant compounds were thymol (24.7%) and carvacrol (38.5%) and the Minimum inhibitory concentration against Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger were respectively 0.5 and 1 μg/ml. The radical inhibitory effect increased as the density of the essential oil increased (IC50=63/23). The MTT assay indicated that the impact of the essential oil cytotoxicity on human lymphocyte cells was insignificant. According to the results obtained, it can be concluded that the essential oil of Thymus daenensis, as one of Iran’s indigenous plants, has considerable antioxidant properties that have potential to be used in pharmaceutical industrieTs and act as a good candidate in the fungal diseases’ treatment.

Teucriumpersicum Boiss.is an Iranian endemic plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family which has traditionally been used to relieve abdominal pains, there are 12 species in Iran. The bulks aromatic plants come from wild populations whose essential oils compositions as well as their biological properties are severely affected by the geographical location Therefore, the aim of the present work is to provide more information on the variation of essential oil composition of T. persicum collected from four different geographical regions in Fars province in 2014. These areas were darab-gardanebezan, Zireh-darab, Ghir-karizin, and Zakharoyeh with, 1500, 1400, 950 and 800 meters altitudes respectively. Sampling of aerial parts (flowers and leaves) of the plant was carried out at flowering stage and dried in room temperature and the essential oil was obtained by hydro distillation using Clevenger machine.The GC / MS device was used to identify essential oils. A total of 93 combinations were identified in the essential oil of T. percicum populations, in which the number and type of compounds in the essential oils of these populations is very different. The most essential oil composition of this plant was identified in the darab-gardanebezan (68 combinations) mountain range, while the highest Essential oil yield was observed in, Zakharoyeh (0.3%). The habitat of Zireh-darab with the highest percentage of alpha pinene, beta-pinene, limonene and valerianol has high quality essential oil and is the best site for T. percicum plant in this study. Alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, E caryophylline and caryophylloin oxide were important components of essential oil in all four regions.

Ferula gummosa Boiss. is a commercially important medicinal plant that is categorized in endangered herbs list. Seed dormancy and germination is one of the main problems in plant cultivation.This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of chemical, hormonal and thermal treatments on dormancy breaking of galbanum seed, in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 21 treatments in four replications. The percentage and seed germination rate were statistically analyzed. This experiment was done at medicinal plants research center (ACECR) in 2015. Results were showed that the different treatments of seed dormancy breaking had significant (P≤0.01) effect on percentage of seed germination. The highest germination percentage of galbanum seeds observed in combined treatments inclusive of five minutes sulfuric acid (96%) scarification 30 minutes leaching in water (40˚C) 7 days imbibition 40 days stratification soaking in gibberellic acid (GA3) 1000 ppm. The maximum rate of germination was perceive in combined treatments of 10 minutes sulfuric acid (96%)scarification 60 minutes leaching in water (40˚C) 40 days stratification soaking in GA3 1000 ppm. According to the results,seed germination is improved after sulfuric acid scarification and leaching treatment (physical dormancybreaking), followed by stratification application of GA3 (morpho-physiological dormancy breaking). Hence, our research offered that galbanum seeds have both physical and morpho-physiological dormancy.