Journal of Pathobiology Reaearch
Volume:21 Issue: 3, 2018

Aims: The aging process is associated with alterations in brain neuroangiogenic factors. Exercise training plays an important role in the development of brain, especially in the elderly. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training on some of the brain neuroangiogenic factors of old female rats.

The present experimental research was carried out on 14 two-year-old female Wistar rats, weighing 250-300 grams. The rats were randomly divided into 2 control and exercise groups (7 rats per group). The old animals performed 10 bouts of 1-min high-intensity treadmill running (20–34 m/min), separated by 2 minutes of rest 3 days a week for 8 weeks. The rats were killed 48 hours after the last exercise training session and brain vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) levels were evaluated by ELIZA method. The data were analyzed by SPSS 20, using independent T-test.

Findings:

VEGF levels in the exercise group were significantly higher in the brain tissue of old rats than in the control group. TGF-β1 brain levels decreased compared to the control group.

High-intensity interval training improves age-induced neuroangiogenic changes in the aged brain via the up-regulation of VEGF and decrease in TGF‐β1 level.

Aims: Vascular disorder is one of the consequences of diabetes. Physical activity also plays an important role in the improvement of this disorder. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vigorous aerobic training on serum levels of inhibitory and excitatory factors of Angiogenesis in women with type 2 diabetes.

In this quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design that was performed among women with diabetes population in Gorgan in volunteer sampling, 28 women with type 2 diabetes in Gorgan were selected By … sampling method and were divided into training and control groups (14 individuals each group). Training intervention consisted 8 weeks of vigorous aerobic exercise (70%-80%) with 3 times per week. Just before the exercise and 48 hours after that, serum levels of Nitric Oxide (NO), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), and Endostatin (ES) were evaluated. The data were analyzed by SPSS24 software, using repeated measures ANOVA.. Findings: Eight weeks of aerobic training caused a significant increase in serum levels of NO (p=0.016), VEGF (p=0.036), and an insignificant increase in ES (p=0.237). Also, a significant decrease was observed in fasting blood glucose (p=0.027) and A1C (p=0.003) compared to the control group.

Regular aerobic exercise improves serum levels of angiogenesis-related and metabolic factors in women with type 2 diabetes.

Aims: Giardia and Cryptosporidium are enteric protozoans, causing gastrointestinal infection in humans and animals such as mammalian and birds worldwide. Both protozoans causae diarrhea and nutritional disorders in human. The present research aimed at investigating the Giardia and Cryptosporidium infection and genotyping common Giardia in children in Alborz province.

In this descriptive cross sectional study, 160 stool samples of children aged 2-10 years old in Alborz province were first stained with the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method for Cryptosporidium and trichrome staining method for Giardia, and they were evaluated for infection with these two protozoans. Then, positive samples were analyzed by molecular method to genotype. Giardia duodenalis based on the TPI gene and Cryptosporidium based on the 18SrRNA gene were investigated by Nested PCR and to determine the groups and subgroups by sequencing. For drawing phylogenetic tree, MEGA 7 software and Maximum liklihood algorithm with 1000 replications were used. Findings: Cryptosporidium was detected in 4 (2.50%) samples, while Giardia was detected in 15 (9.37 %) samples with staining method. In no sample of patients with clinical symptoms of diarrhea, Cryptosporidium was observed. Among 4 isolates of Giardia duodenalis, 1 BIV, 2 BIII, and 1 All isolates were detected, some of which belonged to asymptomatic children and the drawn phylogenetic tree confirmed it. Attempts to determine genotype Cryptosporidium failed.

Identification of AII, BIV, and BIII genotypes in 2-10 years old children in Alborz province indicates anthroponotic and anthropozoonotic transmission of Giardia infection, respectively, in this province.

Aims: Melanoma is one of the most dangerous forms of skin cancer, which is unresponsive to the current chemotherapy drugs. As a natural product purified from spirulina, phycocyanin can inhibit the angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-angiogenesis effect of C-phycocyanin of spirulina platensis on B16-F10 melanoma tumors in C57BL/6 mouse.

In this experimental study, 16 C57BL/6 mice with the age range of 6-8 weeks were randomly divided into two groups, including control and phycocyanin groups. On the day 0 of the study, melanoma cells were injected and all the mice were treated for 20 days. Phycocyanin group received 40mg/kg phycocyanin every day. The tumors were extracted on the day 21 and the effect of phycocyanin on the angiogenesis and proliferation of cancer cells was investigated, using immunohistochemical staining with CD31 and Ki-67, respectively. The data were analyzed, using JMP 11 software by one way ANOVA test. Findings: In the phycocyanin group, angiogenesis was significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.01), while the mitotic index was not significantly lower than that of the control group in the mice treated with phycocyanin.

Phycocyanin has ability to inhibit angiogenesis in the B16-F10 melanoma tumors in C57BL/6 mouse, but it is not able to reduce the proliferation of melanoma cells.

Aims: Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) deficiency would cause an increase in the viscosity of fibrinogen and low digestion of blood clot, respectively, which are among the dangerous factors responsible for the increase in thrombosis. Although there are reports, indicating the relationship of vein thrombosis and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), the effect of polymorphisms connected with thrombosis on the risk of increasing RPL has remained unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of 536C/T tissue factor pathway inhibitor gene and Alu_I/D tissue-type plasminogen activator gene polymorphisms with recurrent pregnancy loss in Iranian Azeri women.

The present case-control study was conducted in Azari women with RPL and healthy women during 2015-2016. Ninety-five women with RPL were selected by simple random sampling sampling method, and 95 healthy women were selected and assessed, using Multiplex ARMS-PCR method. The data were analyzed by SAS 9.2 software, using logistic regression and Chi-square test. Findings: Among two genes polymorphisms, only tPA polymorphism was significantly related with the increase in RPL, such that allele I in this polymorphism caused more than two-folded odds ratio of RPL compared to allele D. Women between the ages of 25 and 35 years significantly showed the highest odds ratio of RPL.

Alu_I/D tissue-type plasminogen activator gene polymorphism is related with an increased risk of RPL in Azeri women in northwestern Iran, but 536C/T tissue factor pathway inhibitor gene does not show such a relationship.

Nowadays, new methods have been developed to reduce the cost of disease-related laboratory methods and to achieve the shortest response time, which in a short time, determine a large portion of the genome. These methods are known as the next generation sequencing techniques. One of the most common application of such as these methods is diagnosis of disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of Illumina next generation sequencing.

With the advanced technology of sequencing the whole genome, determining the structural changes of the genes, comprehensive studies of the number of genes, the identification of polymorphism, spot mutations and small mutations, the study of the expression of genes, and other applications are possible. In this method, first, the whole genome is broken into double strand DNA fragments; then, the bumps of fragmentation are converted to the smooth end, and adapters are connected to both ends of the components, and the sample pieces of the gene are connected to the flow cell with the help of hybridization by the same adapters. In the next step, centralized colonies of fragments (clusters) are formed through amplification of samples, using the bridge method, which subsequently, could be read. In a chemical reaction, the growth inhibitors will be taken by the end of 3’ and a new cycle begins. The mentioned step is continued until the sequence of whole cycle of the fragment is detected. The sequences of the whole genome are, then, determined with reference sequences, and ultimately the results are compared with the panel of genes associated with the disease and the changes are determined. Different methods can identify changes in the gene area and, in some cases, with investigating the rare changes, the relationship between these changes and the diagnosis of certain diseases can be known.

Cancer is abnormal cell proliferation and uncontrolled cell growth. Carcinogenic agents cause DNA injury, depletion of tumor suppressor gene functions and it cause tumor forming and metastasis. Some carcinogenic agents related to cancer etiology are physical carcinogens such as ultra violet, chemical carcinogens such as chemical materials, cigarette smoke, unbalanced diet, job dependent factors, inheritance, hormones, metabolic factors and biologic agents especially some bacteria and viruses. Today’s most important treatment for cancer is chemotherapy that has many side effects and additionally cause to drug resistance. Some plants for years are known as reliable and excellent source of anticancer agents to develop anticancer drugs. Some of plants have preventive and therapeutic effects on cancer and some of them can decrease side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy and additionally are economic. This article reviewed the most important anticancer natural substances in the world and introduced the most important mechanisms of their effect.

In traditional medicine of the most countries have known many natural substances for a variety of cancers. Some of the most commonly known traditional anticancer materials in the world are Chinese rabdosia, polyphenolic flavonoids such as quercetin, Baicalensis Scutellaria, garlic, curcumin, and so on. Anticancer drug mechanisms of the most of these substances are related to antioxidant properties and inhibit the growth of their tumor cells. Many of these materials are traditionally used in different parts of the world.