مجله طب پیشگیری
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 13، بهار و تابستان 1397)

Musculoskeletal disorders are a class of occupational injuries that have high prevalence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and its correlation with mental workload and occupational fatigue among office workers in a communications service provider company in Tehran, Iran. This study was conducted on 94 employees of a communication services provider company. Job content questionnaire (JCQ) was used to assess the physical and psychological needs of the jobs. The nordic questionnaire was used to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in various organs and risk assessment of workplace stations was performed by the rapid office strain assessment (ROSA) method. The mental workload of participants was assessed through NASA's workload index (NASA-TLX) and occupational fatigue was assessed by the swedish occupational fatigue inventory (SOFI). Data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics, independent t-test, chi-square, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc tests. According to the results, the most pain and discomforts were observed in the neck (65.94 %) and knees (60.63 %). The results also showed that 71% of the subjects were at the warning and need for ergonomic interventions risk level. The relationship between the mental workload and its subscales with musculoskeletal disorders was significant (P-Value=0.05, r=0.96). Also, the relationship between occupational fatigue and its subscales with musculoskeletal disorders was significant in all cases (P-Value<0.001). Considering that the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders is influenced by mental workload and occupational fatigue, it is necessary to take measures to reduce the mental workload and occupational fatigue

Employment is one of the important social determinants of health. Job Satisfaction is one of the important factors in increasing the efficiency of workers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relation between job satisfaction and quality of life (QOL) in staffs of Ilam University of medical sciences. This cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study was performed on 242 staffs of Ilam University of medical sciences in 2017. The participants were were selected by randomized systematic sampling method. After recording the demographic characteristics, quality of life was measured using the SF36 standard questionnaire and job satisfaction using a short form of Minnesota questionnaire. The results were analyzed by SPSS software using automatic linear regression and an alpha error of less than 5% was considered significant. The mean of quality of life and job satisfaction in responders was 39.49 ± 14.78 and 66.99 ± 1.03, respectively. The results demonstrated a positive correlation between job satisfaction and QOL (P-value=0.043). Also, based on the results of automatic linear regression, the most important variables affecting the job satisfaction of employees were job experience, marital status, employment status, and the vitality. Based on the results, there is a direct and positive correlation between the quality of life associated with health and job satisfaction of the workers. Therefore, improving the quality of life of employees can increase their job satisfaction

The water which is prepared for specific uses and has lost its quality is called wastewater. Wastewater of hospitals and health centers contains different pathogens that reveals the necessity of attention to this pollution sources. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from hospital wastewater treatment plant. In this descriptive study (in 2015), the samples of wastewater were collected from the hospital aeration ponds in different seasons. Samples were transferred to the laboratory under standard conditions. The bacteria count were performed by multiple tube test and were reported according to MPN (Most Probable Number) method. Microbial identification tests were performed according to conventional methods. The investigation of antibiotic resistance was performed using Kirby– Bauer standard technique according to method of Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute 2014 (CLSI). Data were analyzed by SPSS software. In this study, a total of 20 samples were collected in different seasons. Despite more cases of isolated coliforms, the count of enterococci was higher than that of the coliforms.The highest resistance to ceftazidim (100%) and trimethoprim (85%) was observed in Enterococcus and Coliforms, respectively.
The highestsusceptibility to meropenem, imipenem, gentamycin, and ceftazidim (100%) was observed in Pseudomonas. Also, in the spring and autumn, the antibiotic resistance was higher than in the other seasons. It is necessary to pay attention to the sources of contamination in order to prevent increasing the burden of contamination of highly resistant bacteria. In addition, it is necessary to conduct a national survey to determine phenotypic and genotypic resistance patterns of bacteria in Iran

Nowdays, mental workload is one of the most important issues in the workplaces.Various factors affect the cognitive capacities of individuals which may lead to human errors. Due to the nature of the work and the use of tools and equipment in the tuna fish factory, the risk of accidents increases as a result of human error.The purpose of this study was to investigate the type of accidents and the relationship between the accidents and mental workload in the tuna fish factory. This cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study was carried out on all of the 48 employees of the Zagros Parsian Factory. Nasa-Tlx questionnaire was used to collect data. Accident statistics were obtained through self-reported and recorded accident documents. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using t-test, linear regression, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation. The results showed a significant relationship between sex and the rate of the accidents (P-Value<0.009). The Accident requency Rate (AFR) determined to be 195. The average of the mental workload was higher than the desired 50% level. The mean of accidents in women (27.82) was higher than that of the men (16.46). There was a significant relationship between the frequency of accidents and the total mental workload (P-Value<0.04). This significant relationship was observed in the production saloon (P-Value<0252). Also, regarding the mental workload subscales, there was a significant correlation between the performance and mental workload (P-value<044) and the amount of boredom and mental workload (P-Value<0.0001). According to the results of this study, mental workload is likely to affect the frequency of accidents. Therefore, implementing a program to modify the mental workload, such as revising the work hours and resting periods seems necessary

  Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of qualitative monitoring of chemical and physical parameters of groundwater resources of three cities in Khorasan Razavi province. In this descriptive-analytic study, a total of 627 samples were collected from the drinking water wells of Khaf, Taybad and Roshtkhar cities during 2005 to 2015 years based on the standard methods for water and wastewater analysis and 12 parameters including electrical conductivity (EC), carbonate (CO3-2), pH, bicarbonate (HCO3-), sulfate (SO4-2), Chlorine (Cl-) magnesium (Mg+2), calcium (Ca+2), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total hardness (TH) were assessed according to the standard methods. Data were analyzed using Excel and SPSS softwares and water quality was compared to the national standards and WHO guidelines. The results of this study showed that the levels of chemical parameters including magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, and pH of Khaf, Taybad, and Roshtkhar cities were within the standard range. The averages of electrical conductivity were 4229, 1724, and 2918 µm/cm, the averages of total dissolved solids were 2664, 1086, and 1838 mg/L, and the averages of chloride were 807, 240, and 578 mg/L in Taybad, Khaf, and Roshtkhar cities, respectively. These results imply that the levels of these parameters exceed the standard limits in Taybad and Roshtkhar cities. The means of hardness of the drinking water sources in the studied cities were 594, 285, and 362 mg/L as CaCO3, respectively. Based on these findings, the drinking water of Taybad and Roshtkhar cities could be classified as very hard water and Khaf's water resources as hard water. Most of the physical and chemical parameters of the Khaf waters are within the national standard, but the waters of Taybead and Roshtkhar in some parameters exceed the standard range

Wheat products such as flour and bread account for a significant part of the diet in Iran. Thus, microbial contamination of these products can cause various diseases in the community. In this regard, the aim of this study was to determine the microbial quality of flour used in bakeries and semi-industrial packaged lavash breads in Bandar abbas city. In this descriptive study, the flour and bread samples were collected from bakeries and food supermarkets, respectively, and their microbial quality and moisture were determined according to the methods proposed by Iranian National Standards Organization. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and SPSS and Excel softwares. The results showed that none of the bread samples were contaminated with coliform and Escherichia coli. With respect to the national permissible limit of 103 CFU mold/g for bread, the number of molds exceeded national permissible limit in 24% of the bread samples. Furthermore, the number of total microorganisms and molds in 25% and 10% of flour samples exceeded national permissible limits (105 CFU/g for total microorganisms and 5×103 CFU/g for molds). This study revealed that the microbial content of some flour and packaged bread samples collected from Bandar Abbas exceeded national permissible limits. This situation is a matter of concern, especially for the breads contaminated to molds, due to probable production of toxins and direct consumption of the contaminated bread. Therefore, regulatory authorities should focus more on the monitoring of the microbial contamination of packaged foods

According to reports, the prevalence of smoking in Iranian students has an increasing trend during the study period. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge and attitudes of Yazd University of Medical Sciences students regarding cigarette smoking. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017.Out of 5400 students at different levels of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd, 500 students were selected from different faculties through randomized stratified sampling method. The data collection tool was a three-part researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS software. The mean scores of knowledge and attitude towards smoking were 10.43±4.121 and 27.53± 23.79, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the mean score of students' knowledge about smoking and the variables of sex, marital status, educational level, college of education (P-value<.0.05). But there was no significant relationship between economic status, place of residence, and the presence of a smoker in the student's family and the mean score of knowledge (P-value≥0.05). Also, there was a significant relationship between the mean score of attitude of students towards smoking and educational level (P-value<0.05). However, there was no significant relationship between the mean score of students' attitude towards smoking and gender, marital status, faculty of study, economic status, place of residence, and the presence of a smoker in the student's family. Since the knowledge and attitude of students about smoking was not at an acceptable, it is necessary to develop appropriate educational programs at the university level in order to increase knowledge and develop a proper attitude towards smoking

Nurses are the largest professional group in the health care system that could be an ideal role model for improving the health of patients. However, the knowledge of nurses about health promotion does not lead them to self-care The purpose of this review study is to answer the question of how life style of health promotion behaviors is in Iranian nurses.
Data sources: Using the MESH system, the key words for health promotion, lifestyle, nurse, behavior, and Iran were retrieved and searched in English and Persian in databases of Pub MED, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, SID, and Magiran for a period of 10 years (2007 to 2017). The papers presented at conferences and seminars were deleted.
Selected method for study: After the electronic search، eight articles were retrieved; one of them was deleted due to inappropriate methodology. Six studies had investigated the health promoting lifestyle of the nurses and one study considered the barriers to adapting healthy lifestyles.
Composition of the contents and Results showed that the lowest score of healthy lifestyle was observed in the area of ​​physical activity and the highest score in both areas of nutrition and spiritual growth. Nurses, as the largest provider of health care services, do not have a good lifestyle. Also, the performance of nurses was weak in particular in the field of physical activity. Nursing managers can support nurses in achieving health by conducting educational programs in the hospitals and emphasizing different aspects of health
Key Words: Health Promotion, Life Style, Nurses, Behavior, Iran, Review Study