نشریه مطالعات ساختار و کارکرد شهری
پیاپی 4 (زمستان 1392)

Globalization is one of the most important scientific debates of the twenty-first century and Cities in fierce competition with each other try to enter the global cycle. Globalization can have positive and negative effects on many cities, especially metropolises. Due to the complexity of urban systems, an assessment of the impact of globalization on cities is difficult and urban professionals have expressed various indicators in terms of each dimension of globalization. In the present study, researchers has used the five indicators (attracting foreign direct investment, magnitude of international trade, air corridors, number of foreign banks and Internet penetration and speed rate) to assess the integration of the metropolis, Tehran, in the process of globalization. Indicators that have been used in the present study are based on Indicators that foreign policy Krny magazine has provided. The method used is descriptive - analytical in the comparative study and it is attempted to gather information on the latest statistics about Tehran. The population in this study is in Tehran province and in the evaluation of any one of the Indicators, Tehran has been compared with other metropolises. The results indicated that Tehran has failed to present itself as a global city where there is the least evidence of globalization while many metropolises in the developing world have been able to increase their share of the impact of globalization and finally, suggestions for further integration of Tehran in the globalization process and enjoying its positive effects have been offered.

The municipalities need stable revenue sources in order to carry out the task undertaken perfectly. These sources are important in two aspects, to be legality and to be satiability. Hence considering that one of the main sources of revenue for municipalities are tolls, this research will review the authority range of city councils and municipalities in setting up new tolls to get financed and review the legality of received tolls as well. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the information is gathered based on library study and documents review. Based on the result of this survey, in some clauses of the regulations of municipalities, organization, duties and election of city council members, selection of mayors and the regulations called (aggregating tolls ), enacting and receiving is the duty of councils and municipalities. Moreover, the councils are assumed the pillars of decision making and managing the country in the institution law. But the only case of illegality is the sales of building density .This is either illegal or in contradiction with the sustainable development.

From the outset of civilization to 1900 one person from each eight lived in urban areas, but now more than 60 percent of world population became urbanite. With the growth of urbanization, sustainability and health in cities declined which influenced livability of the residents. The main aim of this research is to identify urban sustainability and the rate of satisfaction in the city of Noorabad. The methodology of the research is based on the descriptive –analytical approaches. The required data and information are collected by conducting a field work to complete the designed questionnaires in the district of 3. The data were processed using SPSS and tested via different statistical models. The results revealed that accessibility to centers such as green space and recreation and sport were in low level. So livability and sustainability can be a chain outcome of logical, coordinated and plan oriented measures.

The discussion of sustainable development was proposed in 1987 by Brontland's report followed by environmental issues. In the context, urban planning theorists emphasized on the issue of sustainable city and also compact city and smart growth within it. The aim of this study was to study the indexes of urban smart growth in Mashhad city based on three compact, environmental and the access to municipality areas separation criteria. The main method used in this study was analytical-descriptive which has been done by ANP technique. Results of the study showed that in the compact method, in which suggested Tsai methods and Heldern, Herfindahl and Henderson methods, at Mashhad city were used, region one with 0.150 score in the index of availability to public transportation devices and bike lanes which was analyzed using service radius method in GIS, Samen area with 0.166 score and environmental index which was evaluated using different methods in GIS, area 11 with 0.163 have the best status. Having been combined and analyzed measurable indexes in this study in ANP model, it was finally found that area 8 of Mashhad municipality with the score of 0.108 have the best urban smart growth structure among Mashhad cities. Also, using Pearson correlation analysis in SPSS software and Moran's spatial correlational analysis in GeoDa, it was found that there is no significant difference between access and environmental indexes in the regions of Mashhad city, and there is a significant difference between development level of city areas and the indexes of smart growth in the way that they are calculated in this study at the confidence level of 99%.

Today cities especially big cities have been faced to overpopulation growth and mass physical development. Awareness of positive and negatives aspects of economic, social and environmental of urban development can be critical factors to reduce current deficiencies and achieve socio-economic welfare and sustainable development. Therefore this research aimed to identify urban sustainability measures satisfaction of living environments among five urban areas of Gorgan. Using survey method 120 samples selected by random sampling techniques and questionnaire tools was used for data gathering. Pearson correlation test and Kruskal-Walis was used to data analysis. Moreover using TOPSIS techniques urban areas was classify based on satisfying access to service centers, local security, environment quality, participation tendency, community attachment and social trust. Results showed significant difference among urban areas based on sustainability measures and urban environment living. Areas 1, 3 and 5 are favorite situation, area 4 is in mediate and area 2 is in low position. Some recommendations such; citizen participation, balanced distribution of urban landscape and monitoring of urban experts in urban spatial expansion according to sustainability criteria and measures were provided for policy making.

One of the important topics in the field of social studies is the subject of social capital which rose as one of the main indicators of social development and growth for all communities in the recent decades. The components of social capital such as participation, knowledge, integrity, trust, social networks in the community not only lead to development but also are indicators of improvement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of social capital in neighborhoods of Zanjan city. The methodology of the research is based on descriptive - analytical approaches. The data were collected by conducting field work (questionnaires, interviews and observations). The research addressed three questions as is there significant difference among four sampling areas regarding to social capital? Which one of the four neighborhoods has better status of social capital? The descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to analysis the data and also VIKOR technique was used for further investigation. The findings of this study indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between the indexes except social trust which was lower. The result of Vokor technique revealed that neighborhoods 1 and 2 ranked in first and second respectively.

There is no doubt that proper managing of a city and overcoming administrative obstacles needs review the factors and variables of execution for strengthening the capabilities and reforming shortcomings. Present study aims to identify performance issues in the field of Urban Services of Tehran municipality. Identifying the activity prepares an organization moving toward excellence, the organizational diagnostician views the organization as a total system. In the field of medicine, this is considered to be holistic medicine. The main question was "what factors and with what priorities reduce the effectiveness of programs execution of Urban Services of Tehran municipality”. Statistical population was Urban Services department, the study time was 5 years ending to September of 2013 and combining the results of 221​questionnaires and 46 planned interviews in Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) was:The most important shortcoming in this field was legal insufficiency, once it human resource policy, Managing agencies providing services, Fiscal issues, public participation, lack of sufficient attention to the reality in decisions and plans were in the second place to the sixth disturbance in the provision of urban services.Role of the organizational structure in reducing the effectiveness of provision of urban services in Tehran rejected.