نشریه کارافن
سال سیزدهم شماره 40 (پاییز و زمستان 1395)

Entrepreneurial exit is one of the important topics concerning the development of today businesses. However, due to the lack of sufficient research on the main roots of the entrepreneurial exit, especially in Iran, there is little information found in this area. The main objective of this study is to identify and prioritize the main roots of entrepreneurial exit in tool industry in Iran. To achieve the objective, the main roots of entrepreneurial exits were extracted from the previous researches, and were tested in the form of quantitative research through T and Friedman statistical tests. The objective of this study is practical, and is a survey to analyze the addressed components. The study population consists of all founders and entrepreneurs working in the tool industry in Tehran. Due to the limited access to the mentioned population, the type of sampling was of judging type and based on the available samples. The results of this study showed that 13 out of 23 exit roots have a significant effect on entrepreneurial exit in Iran’s tool industry, and the previous entrepreneur's experience is the main factor of entrepreneurial exit in the mentioned population.

This comparative research aimed at studying and measuring the degree of entrepreneurship spirit of Payame Noor University (PNU) students with that of the University of Applied Science and Technology (UAST) students in Mashhad. 250 students from PNU and 230 students from the UAST were randomly selected as the sample. The data was collected using a two-part questionnaire; the first part had demographic questions and the second part included eight components of the entrepreneurial spirit that was prepared in the form of a Likert spectrum. The questionnaire was based on the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and its reliability was according to the experts and their viewpoints. The results showed that the average entrepreneurial spirit of the total sample population was 3.23 and the standard deviation was 40.0 .It revealed that among the categories of entrepreneurship spirit, need for achievement had the highest mean while independence had the lowest. Also, the average student entrepreneurship spirit of Payame Noor University was 3.6 and the Applied Science level was 3.18. A T-test on the categories showed that all components except for internal control, tolerance of ambiguity, and risk-taking had a significant difference. The entrepreneurship spirit of the UAST students was higher than the PNU students (mean 3.18 vs. 3.6), and that of the male students was also higher than the females.

Today, due to the rapid rise of competition and the complexity of the information age, organizations need to train skills that can advance with the science of day. Some of these important and effective skills are creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship. On the other hand, Internet has quickly become a widespread media, and its interactive nature has led entrepreneurship to be very effective. Digital entrepreneurship is one of the newest concepts in field of information and communication technology, which is born and grows as a factor in the business environment, based on the digital world. Digital entrepreneurship is the setting up a kind of business in which the IT tools play the role of the main actors. One of the most successful businesses in the field of digital entrepreneurship is Amazon. It is recognized as the world's largest online bookstore. One of the reasons why Amazon is successful in digital entrepreneurship is to use a powerful strategy. In this paper, first, the concepts of entrepreneurship and digital entrepreneurship are examined, and then discussed about the Amazon business model. On this basis, the Amazon strategy can be unique. This unique strategy focuses on pricing, product selection, and supply chain that benefits from emerging ecosystems. Finally, Amazon's main reasons for success and digital entrepreneurship criteria are discussed at the company's website.

Some of the most important issues in planning are development planning, performing various stages, evaluating methods, relationships of criteria, analyzing, categorizing and assigning priority to suggestions (alternatives). In some programs, in particular the development of technical and vocational training, the criteria are not of the same kind. That is, some are quantitative and some qualitative, and sometimes the criteria must be selected from outside the system.So, to implement the planning stages and select the appropriate strategy, it is necessary to use a method that relates different criteria (of any kind) by specifying the sub-criteria, from one side to the program target, and, on the other, to different options. By determining the coefficients, it should deal with the importance and ranking of all the criteria and options, and finally choose the best offer.Given that decision makers occasionally have doubts in making a multi-criteria decision in a pairwise comparison of criteria and prioritizing options based on each criterion and applying coefficients of importance, one cannot use conventional classical and fuzzy collections to assess the degree of doubt and uncertainty. So, the present study aims to solve these problems using intuitive fuzzy sets. Furthermore, by introducing such series and the relationship between them, AHP and Intuitive Fuzzy Sets are examined in multi-criteria decision making. And in the end, by describing an example in this regard and implementing the various stages of the relevant process, the application of the intuitive fuzzy hierarchical analysis method has been offered in the development of technical and vocational training.

Today, education in reputable universities around the word along with modern technology has tended to use an information system to facilitate e-learning, which provides processing, storage and distribution of educational materials through the internet and the websites. Learning management system has provided an appropriate way to speed up the process of educational development. In this research, we use the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to evaluate the factors affecting the acceptance of learning management systems by the students. The present study is descriptive-correlational and is an applied research. The statistical population is randomly included 452 students of Technical and Vocational University. The questionnaire was composed of 41 questions, the validity of which was based on a panel of experts and its final reliability was calculated 94/0 using the Cronbach's alpha formula. 35.2% of undergraduates and 64.8% of associate students had moderate mastery of computer with 55.3%. After analysis, it was found that all the dimensions of the learning management system including the quality of content, the broader use of the network, individual capabilities, the characteristics of fields of study and the perception of the environment as an independent factor, was attractive and effective in acceptance of the learning management system, and has a significant impact on its usefulness and easiness. The coefficient of perceived ease of use was 0.9 in the acceptance of the learning system and the highest correlation was found between individual capabilities and perceived ease of use in acceptance of the system.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of professional competencies and teaching quality in adapting the intended curriculum with the implementation of instructors of technical and vocational colleges. The research method was correlation. The statistical population was all 398 instructors of technical and vocational colleges of North Khorasan. The sample was selected by means of random cluster sampling including 138 teachers of three technical and professional colleges named Girls Islamic Revolution College in Bojnord, Agricultural College in Maneh and Samelghan Boys College in Jajarm. The information gathering tool was a Mfadi professional competency questionnaire (2001), Seraj teaching quality questionnaire (2003) and a researcher-made questionnaire on adapting the intended curriculum with the implemented curriculum in this field. The data was analyzed based on Pearson Correlations, independent-samples T test, regression and one way variance via spss22 and Lisrel software. The results shows that there is a meaningful relationship between instructors’ professional abilities and their teaching quality, but there is no meaningful relationship between the professional competencies and the adaption of intended curriculum (except for some components) and the quality of teaching in accordance with the implemented curriculum.

One of the internet applications which has received a lot of attention in recent years is buying and selling goods and services via the Internet known as e-commerce. E-commerce, due to its privileges over traditional commerce, is attracting more users every day, and it will soon become an unrivaled context for all businesses. One of the important challenges in e-commerce is attracting customers to buy from a website. Many researches show that, when shopping online, customers feel higher degrees of risk than traditional purchases. This perceived risk derives from the mistrust of buyers on the reliability of online stores and their owners. The purpose of this study is to examine how trust affects the interaction of individuals with e-commerce, in order to find out what security measures should be taken to reduce the risks and provide solutions for risk reduction.