نشریه اکوفیتو شیمی گیاهان دارویی
سال ششم شماره 3 (پیاپی 23، پاییز 1397)

The Prangos Lind L. is belongs to Umbelliferae family and represented 15 species in Iran. Prangos (Jashir in Persian) is a medicinal plant, native to southern Iran and has been used in traditional medicine for many digestive disorders. In order to evaluate the morphological diversity, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity between 18 populations of Prangos acaulis, Prangos platychloena and Prangos ferulacea, the aerial parts of these plants in flowering stages were collected in spring and summer 2018 from Fars and Kohklouye va Boyerahmad provinces.To investigate the morphological traits, 10 plants selected in each habitat and 15 quantitative, 39 qualitative morphological and 8 habitats properties traits for each populations were investigated. Total phenolic content measured by Folin-Ciocalto and antioxidant activity by using DPPH radical scavenging capacity methods. The experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design and the comparison of data average was done by Duncan test at 1% probability level. The results were showed that there was great diversity among populations. Cluster analysis divided populations into three groups. The population 14 from Prangos acaulis was superior in morphological characteristics compared to other populations of this species. The highest antioxidant activity (93.05%) and total phenolic content (8.84 mg GAE/g FW) was obtained from the populations 14 and 8, respectively.Also the highest antioxidant activity (92.72%) and total phenolic content (10.25mg GAE/g FW)) in Prangos platychloena were obtained from populations 7 and 15, respectively.Generally the most total phenolic content and antioxidant activity between three species were observed in population 18 which is belong to the Prangos ferulacea. So the populations of 5, 6, 7 and 8 from fars province, 11 and 13 Kohklouye va Boyerahmad provinceamong three species were desirable at evaluated morphological traits so that these populations can be considered in breeding and domestication programs.

In this research, the essential oil composition of Thymus vulgaris L., Melissa officinalis L. and Achillea millefolium L. were evaluated in Shahrekord climate condition. The aerial parts of these plants in full flowering stages were collected in summer 2017 from a research farm of Shahrekord University. The essential oils were extracted by hydro distillation method (clevenger apparatus) and were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Results were showed that the thymol (33.2%), α-terpinene (18.50%), p-cymene (10.9%) and linalool (5%) were the most components of Thymus vulgaris. Neral (26.3%), geranial (25%), β-caryophyllene (6.9%), geranyl acetate (6.4%) and cis-crysantenol (5.8%) were the most important compound of M. officinalis essential oil and the cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (27.19%), cis-chrysantheol (13.16%), germacren D (7.24%), β-caryophyllene (6.69%) and thymol (6.15%) recorded in Achillea essential oil In conclusion, the results were showed that essential oils of thyme, lemon balm, and yarrow had suitable quality composition in Shahrekord climate conditions.

Oliveria decumbens Vent. (Apiaceae) is a valuable medicinal plant in the western regions of Iran.It sun controlled harvesting in natural habitats has increased the risk of extinction of this species. In order to investigate the diversity of 25 populations, an experiment was conducted using 18 morphphysiological characteristics and percentage of essential oil in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Populations were planted in the research farm of Shahid Beheshti Dezfoul Company. Samples were collected at their full flowering phase and morphophysiological characteristics and were recorded in mid-June of 2016. The results of the analysis of variance were showed a variation among populations in terms of these characteristics, by calculating genetic and environmental variances, changes in most traits including, stem leaf length, stem leaf width and stem leaf width/length, umbellule diameter, the dry and wet weight of 100 umbellule and chlorophyll a/ b were determined by genetic factors. The general heritability were showed the percentage of essential oil, umbellule number in plant andthe dry weight of 100 umbellule were 0.91, 0.51 and 0.77, respectively. The correlation between characteristics and stepwise regression exhibited the greatest impact of the flower texture on essential oil production and the dry weight of 100 umbellule. Based on the factor analysis results, the three main factors justified 78.6% of the total variation among the characteristics. The biomass of the plant was the first factor followed by the percentage of essential oil and flower weight as the second and third factors, respectively. Based on the cluster analysis results, the populations can be divided into 5 groups. The third and fifth groups exhibited a great potential for cultivation, due to the highest average percentage of essential oil and maximum number and dry weight of 100 umbellule in a plant. Moreover, the populations in cluster 1 and 4 alternatively have the greatest genetic distance from each other which can be exploited in crossover and production of synthetic seeds.

The 1,8-cineol and borneol are the most secondary metabolites from the Artemisia persica Boiss. Essential oil which have antimicrobial and antifungal properties. In this study due to this aim, the aerial parts of Artemisia persica Boiss. at pre-flowering stage (PF) were collected from Kerman region in June 1394. The essential oil was extracted by water distillation (Clevenger's apparatus) and was analyzed by GC/MS. The antifungal effect of this essential oil against Aspergillus strain growth was investigated by using agar wells by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone, MIC value was also evaluated by a microdilution method. The results were showed that the essential oil yield (v/w) was 1.55% with 39 compounds which identified in plant essential oil, the borneol (32.8%), 1,8-cineol (18.3%), camphor (8.64%) and camphene (6.75%) were the main compounds of this plant oil, respectively. The essential oil with dilutions 1 and 1/2 has significant inhibitory power on the strain of Aspergillus niger in compare to the fluconazole antibiotic. The borneol with 10% dilution also had a significant inhibitory effect on Aspergillus niger’s growth. The antifungal effects of essential oil can be attributed to the high percentage of borneol and 1,8-cineol present in it. According to these results it can be argued that the essential oil of this plant can be used as an herbal medicine with an appreciable antifungal effect, and also it’s could be used in various food, health and pharmaceutical industries.

In recent years, the essential oils have been used for controlmicrobial contamination of foods. In this study, we have examined the essential oil composition and antifungal activity of three species: Satureja hortensis, Origanum majorana and Mentha pulegium, which were collected from the Garin and Sefidkooh in Lorestan in spring 2015 to control black mold on tomato(Alternaria solani) in storage conditions. The essential oils of plants were obtained by using steam-distillation method (Clevenger apparatus) and were analysed by GC/MS. The antifungal effect were obtained by using inhibit growth of A. solani in two methods of paper disc and volatile matter on PDA medium, and alsofor determination the MIC and MFC in the concentrations 1.5, 1.7, 2, 2.3, 7, 8.5, 9, and 9.5 µ/ml were used in the medium PDB. To evaluate the effect of these essential oil on the percentage of tomato fruit contamination 4 and 20 μl/ml of essential oils were sprayed on fruit infected with fungus. After seven days, percentage of infection rate on the fruit was assessed in terms of statistical design. Results were showed that the carvacrol (88.65%), thymol (46.19%) and pulegon (47.66%) were the most components of Satureja khuzestanica, Origanummajorana and Menthapulegium essential oils , respectively and then showed that these essential oils were inhibited the A. solani growth by 48.96, 45.93, and 49.94 percent in disc method and 44.85, 51.01, and 48.96 percent in volatile method, respectively. Also, the concentration of 4 µ/ml and 20 µ/ml 40, 57.78, 35.56, and 100, 66.67, and 40% significantly reduced fungal contamination on fruit tissue. These species with thymol, carvacrol and pulegon had antifungal effects, which could prevent the growth of A. solani and also them canbe suitable alternative of fungicides to control of plant pathogens.

In this study the aerial parts of Artemisia annua, Thymus vulgaris and Salvia officinalis Matricaria chamomill and Fruit of Pistacia atlantica in blooming were collected from farms and habitats of Sistan and Baloochestan and Fars province in 2016.The plant extracts were obtained by maceration method, phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin-Ciocaltiu and Aluminum Chloride colorimetric, antioxidant activities were studied by method DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and then antimicrobial activities were estimated by disk-diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The plant extract of Artemisia annua and Thymus vulgaris respectively had maximum total phenolic (22.36 mg/g DW) and flavonoid contents (142.59 mg/g DW), antioxidant activity (IC50: 72.01 µg/ml and 70.75 µg/ml) and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli respectively with inhibition zone (15.1 and 16.8 mm) and they were the most sensitive bacteria to plant extracts. Generally, the methanolic extract of the plants demonstrated different levels of antioxidant activity; in addition, the best antioxidant activity was related to Artemisia. Hence, it can be argued that these extracts of herb, instead of chemical drugs, can be used to treat infections. Furthermore, before using them all their side effects should be carefully investigated in in vitro accompanied by in vivo studies

In order to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers in hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) production, an investigation was conducted in the research farm of Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran, in 2016. This study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications. The experimental factors consisted of different planting patterns (factor A) on two levels including sole culture of plant and additive intercropping of 100% hyssop + 50% lentil and application of chemical fertilizers (factor B) on two levels including non-application and application of NPK. Essential oil of plant in flowering stage was obtained by distillation ( Clevenger apparatus), nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents, the plant extract was obtained by maceration method, phenolic and flavonoid contents by colorimetric method and DPPH radical scavenging and total antioxidant activity were measured by DPPH assay. The results were showed that all the traits were significantly affected by the treatments , The oil yield, phenolic and flavonoid content and total antioxidant activity were significantly stronger in intercropping + fertilizer application in compared to other treatments. In the other hand, secondary metabolites, such as phenolic, flavonoid, and essential oil are the defense system of plant, which were increased by competition between hyssop and lentil (as a stressor) and the antioxidant properties also increased due to the increase in phenolic and flavonoids content.

Lippia citriodora H.B.K. was imported in Iran for food and medical industry. In this research due to essential oil composition and antifungal activity, the aerial parts of plant in before and after flowering satages were collected from the field in Khuzestan in June 2011. The Essential oils were obtained by hydro distillation (Clevenger apparatus) and were analyzed by (GC) and (GC - MS). To measure antimicrobial activity, the methanolic extracts of these organs were prepared by percolation method and antimicrobial activity were measured against four gram-positive and negative strains of bacteriaand two fungi starins by disk diffusion method in inhibition zone diameter. Results were showed that the geraniol (35.78%) and zingiberene (19.9%) were the main compounds of essential oil in before flowering, althought the davanone (36.4%) and p-cymene (16.5%) were predominant components in after flowering stage. The tested fungi and gram-positive bacteria were showed higher sensitivity to the concentrations of plant extracts than gram-negative bacteria. In addition, the antimicrobial effects increased with increasing concentrations of the extracts. There was no significant difference between the degree of antimicrobial activity of vegetative and reproductive extracts.