فصلنامه خانواده و پژوهش
سال پانزدهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1397)

This study set out to examine the effects of cognitive-behavioral stress management intervention on mothers’ quality of life and their children’s behavioral problems. This quasi-experimental research had a pretest-posttest control group design with a follow-up assessment. The statistical population of the study included mothers of pre-school children with behavioral problems at public schools in Rasht (District 2) in 2016. To draw the sample, Children’s Behavioral Problems Questionnaire (Shahim & Yusefi, 1999) was administered to mothers in 9 schools. In the next step, thirty mothers were chosen through convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to control (N=15) and experimental (N=15) groups. To assess mothers’ quality of life, WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) was given to both groups in the pretest and posttest phases. The experimental group received stress management training in 10 sessions, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. The results showed that stress management training had a significant positive effect on mothers’ quality of life (P>0.001). Despite the fact that there was a significant decrease between pretest and follow-up in the experimental group as to children’s behavioral problems (P>0.001), no significant difference was observed between control and experimental groups in terms of children’s behavioral problems (P<0.05). It is, therefore, suggested that this intervention be utilized more extensively to improve the psychological status and quality of life of mothers with children suffering from behavioral problems.

The present study was undertaken to examine direct and indirect relationships between maternal shame and successful intelligence of children (analytical, practical, and creative) mediated by children’s dysfunctional attitudes (judgment of others, need for pleasing others, need for approval of others, vulnerability, and idealism). The statistical population of the study comprised the mothers supported by Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation in Eslamshahr (Tehran, Iran) along with their adolescent children studying at regular high schools. Rizvi’s Shame Inventory (2009) was first administred to 250 mothers to identify those who experience shame. In the next step, Sternberg and Grigorenko’s Successful Intelligence Questionnaire (2002) and Weissman and Beck’s Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (1978) were given to 250 children (15-18 years of age). Multivariate regression as well as path analysis were utilized to analyze the obtained data from 245 participants (reduced by participant attrition). The findings demonstrated that there was no direct relationship between maternal shame, successful intelligence and its three dimensions. Moreover, maternal shame was related to successful intelligence, practical intelligence, and analytical intelligence and these relationships were mediated by judgment of others and vulnerability. Furthermore, judgment of others moderated the relationship between maternal shame and creative intelligence. Consequently, maternal shame indirectly reduces successful intelligence of children and its corresponding dimensions through increasing children’s dysfunctional attitudes. In general, dysfunctional attitudes and cognitive structures act as important moderators of the impact of maternal shame on children’s cognitive performance.

The aim of the present research4 was to identify the effects of self-regulation strategies training on academic self-efficacy and reading performance of students with dyslexia. This quasi-experimental study had a pretest-posttest control group design. The sample of the study comprised 27 students with dyslexia in Rasht in academic year 2016-2017 who were selected by convenience sampling method and assigned to experimental (N=13) and control groups (N=14). The instruments consisted of Morgan-Jinks Student Efficacy Scale (1999) and Reading & Dyslexia Test (Karami Nouri & Moradi, 2008). The experimental group received ten sessions of self-regulation strategies training; however, no intervention was implemented for the control group. The results of MANCOVA showed that self-regulation strategies training significantly improved academic self-efficacy and reading performance of students with dyslexia (P<0.001). Hence, self-regulation strategies training assist students with dyslexia in goal regulation, self-control and self-appraisal processes. It is suggested that this intervention be utilized for teaching students with dyslexia.

This study sought to compare parenting styles and students’ social development in public and private schools. This descriptive study had a causal-comparative design. The statistical population of the study comprised all sixth grade girls and boys in the Baharan, Borhan, Ferdowsi, Ershad, Bani Hashemi, Tarbiat and Gha’em primary schools in Karaj (District 3) in academic year 2015-2016. To draw the sample, convenience sampling method was used and 156 students were selected (78 students from each school type). The instruments included Vineland Social Maturity Scale (1953) and Baumrind's Parenting Styles Questionnaire (1991). The Data were analyzed by MANOVA and student’s t-test. The results showed that there was no significant difference between parents in public and private schools as to permissive and authoritative parenting styles; however, significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding authoritarian parenting style. More specifically, parents in public schools gained higher average levels of authoritarian parenting style. Moreover, the two groups of students in public and private schools were different in terms of social development and private school students obtained higher average levels of social development.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on attributional styles and learned helplessness of students. This quasi-experimental research had a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population of the study comprised all eleventh grade female students in Maryam high school in Khorramshahr enrolled in academic year 2015-2016. The sample consisted of 30 female students who were selected through simple random sampling method and assigned to experimental and control groups (15 students in each group). The instrument included Seligman Attributional Style Questionnaire (1984). The experimental group received mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in 8 ninety-minute sessions. The obtained data were analyzed via descriptive (mean, standard deviation, and variance) and inferential statistics (ANCONA). The results showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy was effective in reducing students’ learned helplessness and it increased attributional styles for positive and negative events in the experimental group compared to the control group (p≤0.05). This intervention has positive impacts on students’ cognitive and information processing systems and boosts their performance through increasing individuals’ focused awareness on the present moment. Hence, it is suggested that workshops and in-service training courses be held in schools and counseling centers to familiarize teachers and counselors with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.

The main focus of this study was on examining the effects of child-parent relationship therapy (CPRT) on maternal parenting stress and parental acceptance of primary school children. This quasi-experimental research had a pretest-posttest control group design with a follow-up assessment. The statistical population of the study consisted of all mothers having primary school going children in Ahvaz (District 2) in 2016. The sample comprised 30 mothers who were randomly selected from among those who had expressed their willingness to voluntarily take part in the study. The drawn sample was assigned to experimental (N=15) and control (N=15) groups by random. The instruments included Parenting Stress Index/Short Form (Abidin, 1999) and Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (mother form). The experimental group received 10 sessions of child-parent relationship therapy (CPRT) based on Landreth and Bratton model; however, no intervention was implemented for the control group. The results of MANCOVA in the posttest phase showed that child-parent relationship therapy (CPRT) significantly increased parental acceptance of children and reduced parenting stress in the experimental group (p<0.05). In addition, the intervention effects were sustained over the one-month follow-up period (p<0.05). Findings were indicative of the fact that child-parent relationship therapy was an effective method for reducing parenting stress and increasing parental acceptance of children.

This study was carried out to identify transdiagnostic and diagnosis-related role of Big Five personality factors in predicting adolescents’ risky behaviors. This research had a causal-comparative design and its population comprised senior secondary school students in Isfahan. For the purpose of sampling, multi-stage cluster sampling method was utilized and 1200 high school students were selected. Then, four groups of students with risky behaviors of violence, smoking, alcohol consumption and relationship with the opposite sex were identified based on their scores on Iranian Adolescents’ Risk-Taking Scale. In the next step, a semi-structured interview was conducted and NEO-FFI Inventory was also given to the subjects. To identify the patterns of transdiagnostic and diagnosis-related model, multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant analysis were utilized. The results showed that conscientiousness functioned as a transdiagnostic factor in the four groups with risky behaviors. Furthermore, neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, and agreeableness were diagnosis-related factors. The results of discriminant analysis showed that the participants were properly classified into the four groups. Some components, such as conscientiousness were transdiagnostic and can play a significant role in the onset and maintenance of risky behaviors. Hence, the aforementioned constructs could be used in the design of educational and therapeutic interventions since they may contribute to comorbidity through shared (transdiagnostic) processes.