نشریه مطالعات علوم محیط زیست
سال سوم شماره 4 (زمستان 1397)

One of the problems of the development of urban life and the modern lifestyle in human societies is the high waste generation and management of these wastes. Waste is a substance that is not usable at the place of production for the producer. But they can be applied elsewhere. One of the methods for waste management alongside recycling of recoverable materials is the production of energy and fertilizer from the waste. In this article after the quantitative and qualitative introduction of waste of Amol city, the method of biogas production is discussed as an effective method in waste management in Amol city, then the potential of biogas production from corrosive organic parts of Amol waste (about 65% of it) has been analyzed. Biogas contains combinations of methane and carbon dioxide. Based on the findings of this research, by installing landfill bioreactors, anaerobic digestion and waste incinerators in Amol city respectively, have the potential for energy production is 13.5, 14 and 2.4 megawatts that that,13/5 and 14 MW are CHP generators with about 40% electrical efficiency (respectively 6 and 7.2 megawatts).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of training activities provided by the neighborhood houses in region 14 of Tehran on the knowledge, attitude and behavior of inhabitants in the field of waste management and separation at the source. This descriptive-comparative study was carried out through the completion of 537 questionnaires among trained and untrained respondents, with the corporation of neighborhood houses in each areas of the district. The data of this study were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as Chi-square and independent t-test by SPSS software. The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference between the knowledge of trained (13.80±4.67) and untrained (12.54±4.47) respondents in the field of waste management. Furthermore, the results showed that the trained (3.59±0.98) respondents had more positive attitude toward waste management compared to the untrained (2.23±0.77) respondents. The results also indicated that the training activities of neighborhood houses have had a significant effect on participants` behavior regarding waste separation compared to the non-participants. The results also indicated that the training activities of neighborhood houses have had a significant effect on participants` behavior regarding waste separation compared to the non-participants.

Nowadays militarization continues under the impact of technological advances, infrastructural development, geopolitical competition and growth in troop size. Military powers cause environmental degradation by their military equipment, tests of nuclear bombs, military bases, weapons production and war. Accordingly, the main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of militarization on air pollution in 25 powerful countries of the world (in terms of military equipment (including Iran)) during the period 1995-2015. To achieve the purpose, has been used the analysis of panel co-integration and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), Pooled Mean Group (PMG) and Continuously-updated and Fully-Modified (Cup-FM) estimators. The findings of this study indicate that militarization have a positive and significant impact on air pollution; so that with a one percent increase in the share of military expenditures from gdp, in the long run, CO2 emissions will increase in the studied countries between 19-26 percent percent. On this basis, it can be said that militarization is a serious threat for air pollution.

Considering the huge reserves of fossil fuels in the country and the serious neglect of saving energy and environmental impacts , which has led to widespread waste of money in this area. This research examines the changes in industrial sector emissions by using the latest input-output tables of 2001 -2011 using the SDA method. The results of the research show that the production of final products with the highest positive change is the most important factor in increasing the emissions of pollutants. As well as product mobility and the structure of the final components, it also contributes to increased emissions.The evolution of the composition and components of the final goods has been improved, with a decreasing effect on the release of all contaminants. Changes in the production structure and also the intensity of energy, although affecting the reduction of emissions of most pollutants, however, have been improvements in the composition of final product components as a factor in reducing emissions during the years 1380 and 1390. Other results from this study include increasing CO2 emissions, followed by CO and HC and reducing SOx, NOx and SPM gases of 1380.

In recent decades, increasing population, human needs and changing consumption pattern of communities, planning and management of water resources require more attention than before. Groundwater water resource management strategies can be compensated for and exploitation of these resources through artificial recharge of aquifers. According to the overuse of groundwater, artificial recharge and to locate suitable sites for the performance of such projects is very important Therefore, in this study, we tried to integrate GIS and AHP model is the most suitable arena for artificial feeding methods operations in Yazd province were identified. First Data 11 Parameter impressive - slope, geology, thick alluvium, electrical conductivity, land use, water content accessible, portability groundwater, vegetation, hydraulic conductivity and layer away from the river area of study in the areas of GIS were prepared and then using the AHP (the weight) were weighed and then every 11 layers were combined. The results of this study showed that about 41/26% of the total area of the province (around 3690 km2) was diagnosed in terms of carrying out proper nutrition and poor nutrition are about 9 percent for the whole province.

Changes and fluctuations of precipitation are one of the most important climate change outcomes in the world. The changes in surface water flow and hydrological cycle are directly affected. Therefore, recognition of fluctuations behavior and its governing patterns in a catchment area plays a very important role in optimal management of catchment areas. Therefore, in this research, we have tried to identify the trends of fluctuations patterns of rainfall and also the type of precipitation trend in the Golpayegan catchment area. For this purpose, daily rainfall data of precipitation stations near the Golpayegan saline wetland were used. For trend analysis, linear regression and Mann-Kendall method were used and for identify the rainfall prevailing cycles, Spectrum analysis technique was used. The results of trend analysis showed that in all studied stations, rainfall had a significant decrease. The highest trend is a significant decrease of 23 mm for the Golpayegan station. The results of spectral analysis also indicate that the short-term cycles of 2 to 5 years are in most of the studied stations. Most scientists have attributed this cycle as a result of El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO).

Considering the increase of solid waste due to population growth and urban development as one of the environmental pollutants, it is necessary to pay attention to solid waste management in order to protect ecosystems. Therefore, solid waste management will not be possible without information on its physical components. In this Study, a cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the quantity and quality of waste produced in the city of Iranshahr by sampling in a one-year period Study in four seasons from winter of 1396 to autumn of 1397, and the samples were manually separated to separate the physical components Data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel software. The results showed that in Iranshahr, the percentage of waste components for metal was 0.78%, paper and carton 5.37%, glass 2.8%, plastic 6.55%, other wastes 16.3% and corrosive organic materials 68.2%, and the average of organic materials and other waste has a significant difference in seasons (p <0.05). Therefore,The most organic waste and metal waste constitute the smallest waste components in the city of Iranshahr, which can be reduced through the implementation of environmental pollution programs and earn revenue.