نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال بیست و یکم شماره 2 (پیاپی 81، اردیبهشت 1398)

Having information about qualitative and quantitative parameters distribution of groundwater supplies is one of most important parameters in integrated groundwater management. Thus, in this study it has been attempted to determine a proper model and input combination for estimation of quality parameters including electrical conductivity (EC), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) ions in aquifers of Guilans plain. In this study, the data from 132 observation wells during 2001 to 2013 were used and artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector model (SVM) were applied. In the first approach, estimations were conducted according to five different combinations, including water level, distance from see, total precipitation of six months and coordinates of observation wells. In the second approach, estimations were conducted based on combination of the selected qualitative parameters of gamma test with combinations of the best input in the first part. Comparison of the results from the first part indicated that SVM model outperformed the ANN mode in the estimation of Ca, Na and EC parameters. Support vector machine error values for estimating Ca, Na and EC variables at the test period were 1.218 (meq/l), 0.867(meq/l), and 175.742 (µmos/cm), while for artificial neural network these values were 1.268 (meq/l), 0.933 (meq/l), and 186/448 (µmos/cm) respectively. The results from this part showed that adding the distance from see input improves the estimation of models in all cases. In the second part, using gamma test for measuring the nine quality parameters, the best combination of quality parameters was determined to estimate the three parameters: Ca, Na and EC. The results from the second part show that both ANN and SVM models have an excellent performance in the estimation of the three qualitative parameters. ANN model error values in estimating Ca, Na and EC variables in validation period were 0.662 (meq/l), 0.305(meq/l), and 47.346 (µmos/cm), while these values were 0.671 (meq/l), 0.356 (meq/l), and 55.412 (µmos/cm) for SVM model respectively.  Obviously, the results from ANN model in this section were better than those from SVM model. Results showed that both ANN and SVM models have a great ability in predicting qualitative parameters in the aquifers. Also, in less inputs, the results of SVM model are better than those of ANN model and in more inputs it is vice versa. Results of the second section showed that gamma test is fully practical and accurate in determining the effective input combinations.

The main goal of this research was “The Relationship   between Personnel’s Blood Lead Concentration Parameter, Job Stress and Job-Burnout Parameters in Staff of a Battery Manufacturing Company”.  It was a descriptive and cross sectional investigation. The sample group (with age range 20-65) included 100 out of 200 staff who worked in the productive lines of company. They were selected randomly. Job Stress (Davies, 1991) and Maslach Job-Burnout (1981) questionnaires were used as tools. Also the lead concentration of whole blood was determined by using atomic absorption spectrometer. The results of Pearson correlation test showed that there are significant relationship between blood lead concentration with depersonalization and low performance of staff (P<0.01, P<0.05). There are significant relationship between stress related to jobs and job-burnout dimensions (P<0.01). The results revealed that blood lead and job stress can predict depersonalization and weak performance of staff. Many workers are in the exposure of chemical hazards like lead concentration simultaneously they are suffering from job stress and different types of pressures because of hard conditions of job in a battery manufacturing companies. These difficult conditions can lead them towards job-burnout (depersonalization and weak performance) too. It was recommended to the managers and engineers to control dust and fumes of lead pollution with respect to occupational health and safety in the workplaces. The management plans should be targeted the job related stress management and prevention of job burnout as well.

Phenol presence and its derivatives in water and waste water on human health and the environment is one the major concerns. Because of the toxicity of phenol and also because of the presence of even low concentrations in natural resources, water disinfection and oxidation processes can lead to the formation of additional components. This material is one of the most common organic pollutants in water. In this research, adsorption of phenol from wastewater by sawdust was simulated using intelligent techniques. Intelligent techniques including multi-layer Perceptron, radial basis functions network and support vector regression were used. To design the network structure as well as the training and testing of 125 sets of experimental data is used. Performance evaluation criteria and stop network consists of % AARE and, which is used for all three models. All models compared results showed that the support vector regression with 0.5132 and 0.979, respectively, for %AARE and  is the best model. All models are better results than the quadratic polynomial model showed. Models showed good agreement with experimental data. The optimum conditions for the removal of phenol were 127.6 mg/l of initial phenol concentration, 0.84 g/l of adsorbent dose, natural pH value of 3.62 and 146.9 min of contact time, under these conditions the maximum removal efficiency was 91.23%.

An integrated model of life cycle assessment and hierarchical analysis was developed to determine the best practical method for municipal solid waste disposal. The model used for environmental and technical assessments of scenarios included (A) landfilling of wastes without energy extraction; (B) waste incineration with energy recovery and ash burial; and (C) production of compost from the organic components and landfilling other wastes. In order to conduct environmental assessments, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) was estimated by life cycle of the disposal method. Technical evaluations were carried out based on the hierarchical analysis method and a survey of experts. In order to analyze the results of the proposed model, Tehran city in Iran was selected as a case study. The highest greenhouse gas emissions occurred in scenario A, and the lowest was associated with scenario B. Maximum discounts on emissions from burning putrescible wastes, paper and cardboards were obtained in scenario B. In contrast, landfilling of such wastes in scenarios A and C was the main source of methane production. Although the incineration of plastic wastes might lead to more energy extraction in scenario B, the generation of non-biological CO2 had an incremental effect on GHG emissions. Scenarios A and C had a relatively high superiority over scenario B from the perspective of most technical criteria, but the probability of leachate in these scenarios reduced their technical advantages. Based on the combination of evaluations, the method of landfilling without energy extraction is the most inappropriate option, and waste incineration with energy extraction leads to the lowest greenhouse gas emissions and is technically acceptable.

Increased amount of phosphate in the aqueous solutions disrupts the balance of aquatic organisms leading to serious environmental problems. This study aimed to evaluate the experimental phosphate removal using graphene oxide nanoparticles. In this study, the used adsorbent was initially synthesize by Hummer method its surface was covered by epoxy and hydroxyl functional groups. The adsorbent synthesized on the surface increases the hydrophilic property and promotes the use of graphene oxide in aqueous solutions. The effects of various parameters including the amount of adsorbent, pH, initial concentration, temperature, and contact time on adsorption were studied. Further kinetic and thermodynamic studies were performed on the data. The highest absorption rate by 0.2 g of adsorbent was equal to 75% at pH =3 of the solution after 3-hour contact with absorbent. The results show that the kinetic pseudo-second-order model fits the data. The experimental data were adjusted with Langmuir model. According to the results, graphene oxide adsorbent as an adsorbent for the removal of phosphate has a good ability to adapt to the environment.

Environmental capability evaluation in order to select nuclear power plant site with observance of International Atomic Energy Agency requirements and in the framework of land use planning is a very important factor to achieve sustainable development. Precise evaluation of environmental capability will prepare the establishment of nuclear power plants in the coastal areas according to ecological and socio-economic considerations. The major purpose of this research is evaluation of environmental capability for nuclear power plant site selection in the Sahar Khiz region of Guilan province using Boolean-Fuzzy logic combination method based on the weighted linear combination (WLC) in Geographic information system environment. At the first step investigating with the International Atomic Energy Agency, the nuclear power plant site selection criteria were identified. Then, all the layers of ecological and socio-economical aspects were entered into the Geographic Information System Environment and then the layers were standardized. In the next stage, the Analytical hierarchy process, based on the paire comparison, for weighting of layers were utilized. Finally all the ecological and socioeconomic layers were combined by Boolean-fuzzy logic based on the weighted linear combination. After combining the ecological and socio-economical layers, it was determined that the total area of Sahar Khiz region of Gilan province is inappropriate for nuclear power plant site selection. According to the International Atomic Energy Agency and United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission requirement, the results demonstrate the environment capability evaluation for nuclear power plant site selection inthe Sahar Khiz region of Gilan province based on Boolean-Fuzzy logic method and based on the weighted linear combination (WLC), has higher flexibility and higher accuracy comparing with the Boolean logic method.

Increasing industrial activities associated with the production of pollutants, including heavy metals, is one of the main causes of water and soil pollution. Mineral activities are one of the human activities that cause pollution of the natural resources such as soil. In this study, the zoning concentration of copper as soil contamination around Meyduk copper mine was investigated. The direction samples were taken according to the situation of surrounding villages. Systematic sampling of 360 samples had been collected through the directions. Measuring the concentration of sample was done using atomic absorption method in the laboratory. To indicate the degree of soil pollution with heavy metals, Muller’s geoaccumulation index was used. Finally, in order to estimate the normal concentration of Cu and pollution of soil, Kriging method was used. Results showed that the maximum amount of Cu concentration is 697.5 mg/kg and the minimum is 6.35 mg/kg. The Cu concentration trend in direction D was more than direction M due to the direction of local dominant wind. By receding from location of mine, the overall trend of Cu concentration decreased. This indicated the role of mine activities on soil pollution.

Human error has been identified as a main cause of most of the major accidents in the world. In order to reduce human errors in the risk assessment and management, it is necessary to assess the risks resulting from human errors which can be guaranteed by conducting human reliability analysis. In the healthcare industry, each year many patients are losing their lives because of clinical errors. Clinical errors, as a global problem, have recently been turned into a challenging issue in various healthcare sector cares. Thissurvey is an analytical-descriptive study, where SHERPA method was used for analyzing human errors in CCU unit of Tehran's Naft hospital. In total, 450 errors were identified in CCU unit, from which 242 errors (45%) were related to nursing actions, 43 errors (9%) belonged to general practitioners, and 165 errors (37%) were for medical specialists. Also, according to the results of the risk analysis, 12.45% of errors were unacceptable, 30.22% had undesirable risk level, 43.11% were identified with acceptable risk level requiring revision, and 14.22% had acceptable risk level without a need for revision. In the end, it can be concluded that SHERPA method is an appropriate method to be used in the healthcare industry as it is very effective in identifying and analyzing human errors.

The urban location with the use of GIS in urban planning is very important. Commercial usage is one the most important urban usage wich affects other urban activities. It is worth noting that people are actively deal with space and always with the business and related information. Individual placement in a convenient location from an environmental perspective and getting it by all senses will be able to actively respond to the environment and it will draw the attention to the environment. Due to the remoteness of the hospitals, railway stations and close to natural areas such as parks, subjective factors such as the appearance of intimacy, originality and vitality affected and will affect the ability to invite people. In this regard, appropriate measures to study the documents formulation and using the AHP model value of each criterion, relative to other criteria determined and to each of the relevant criteria weights. Finally, the resulting weights in layers of criteria and multiplication using fuzzy compounds   layers were combined. Integrated data showed that the 2 with more favorable situation than the 1 and the area as well as with situation better than 3 areas with different importance is the best place to create trade center. Region 17 of Tehran withpopulation of more than 358 thousands suffers from adequate access to 3 district municipality and this matter makes the costs of access to urban services increase. Therefore, this study explains appropriate indicators and geographic information systems to locate suitable commercial places in the region in each explained municipal areas which have been chosen for the establishment.

Due to the high potential of Hamedan city for agricultural products and subsequentlly effects of urban wastewaters and agricultural activities such as the use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides on soil quality, plant, and human health, performing this research was necessary. This research was done by purpose of investigating the effect of wastewater on accumulation of metals Pb and Cd in soil and vegetables. For this purpose, sampling from soil and vegetables was performed randomly in the city of Hamedan. Sampling was done in an area irrigated with well water and in an area irrigated with wastewater. Vegetable Samples were prepared after washing and drying, powdered and prepared for experiment. Also soil samples after air-drying, sieve, and prepared for experiment. Then samples digested with acid mixture and heavy metals measured by Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Finally obtained data were analyzed by SPSS 20. Results showed that wastewater had important effect on accumulation of Pb and Cd in soil and vegetables which means concentration of these metals in the soil and vegetables that was irrigated with wastewater was higher than those irrigated with well water. Also this is identified that the concentrations of Pb and Cd in studied vegetables was higher or equal to standards and Cd in the soil of both control and treatment were or equal to standards but Pb were lower than standards. Since, in the treatment area, the mean concentration of Cd in scallion vegetable and mean concentration of Pb in leek vegetable is higher than standard. Therefore, in order to prevent creating problems for citizens’ health, irrigation of fields by wastewater must be prevented.

In this research concentration and extent of soluble contaminants plumes caused by probable leakage of petroleum materials from Khoy Oil Products Storages and also transporting mechanism of pollutants by groundwater was investigated. Groundwater flow model for a steady and transient state was simulated using MODFLOW-2000 code. Then, flow model calibrated and the aquifer hydraulic parameters were estimated. Flow model output and calibrated parameters were used for simulation of BTEX and MTBE transported by MT3DMS code. Three scenarios were considered to predict transporting of pollutants under various conditions. The model results suggest that the plume MTBE in the condition of continuous source will be distributed up to 774 meters whereas it will distribute about 108m far from the source if the leakage stops after three years. According to the model prediction, the extension of BTEX will be less than MTBE in the case of continuous leakage. Under condition of the second scenario (non-continuous release of the pollutants) the plume extension of benzene reach will be 126 meter after 10 years and it can reach to the nearest abstraction well in 8.5 years. MTBE plume size in this period reaches to 6 times of BTEX and will reach the well in 1.5 year. Average velocity of contaminant distribution is about 5 to 6 cm per day. It is predicted that the MTBE plume reaches earlier to the first pumping wells related to BTEX. So maintenance of the Oil tanks and monitoring of the downstream groundwater is a necessity. Average velocity of contaminant distribution is about 5 to 6 cm per day. It is predicted that the MTBE plume reaches earlier to the first pumping wells related to BTEX. So maintenance of the Oil tanks and monitoring of the downstream groundwater is a necessity.

Land degradation modeling is one of the environmental impact assessment methods that quantitatively represents the effects of human activities. The purpose of applying this model is to identify the destruction factors and susceptibility degree in ecosystems in order to prevent further destruction by other projects and to show the feasibility of future development to decision markers. The study area was firstly partitioned into 94 cells (1600 ha) and then 14 degradation factors along with their intensity were identified using land use map, field observations and expert views. Ecological susceptibility and physiological density were then determined and all cells were classified into four categories as recommended for development, required for reconstruction, required for protection and cells with no development potential based on fuzzy theory. The results show that 22 cells (23.40% of the total area) out of 94 cells require reconstruction, 37 cells (39.36% of total area) have no development potential, and 35 cells (37.22% of total area) are recommended for development.  The effects of destructive activities in this region (that is mainly due to the detrimental effects of tourism activities) were evident, so that the destructive activities such as change in land use and land cover, on the one hand, and waste and rivers pollution, on the other hand, were found as the main causes of destruction in the region. Out of 94 cells, 21 cells and 16 cells had no development potential due to faults and due to being in Binalood protected area respectively. 35 cells are recommended for development in first to third priorities; these cells are in low physiological density area. 22 cells, due to high physiological density and severity of the destructive agents, have a high degradation coefficient and need to be reconstructed, and therefore should be excluded from any future development.

Environmental pollution and dependency on fossil fuels are the most important incentives for the development of biofuels in Iran. Microalgae are introduced as one of the best raw materials for the production of biofuels in the world. In addition, for the production of microalgae, the emissions from power plants are used which leads to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. This paper proposes a microalgae-based biofuel supply chain network design model to study the development of such fuels. First, a deterministic model was developed to model the all activities of the supply chain including provision of raw materials for the production of microalgae, microalgae cultivation, turning them into biofuel and eventually biofuel distribution. Then, the deterministic model was extended to a robust network design model to achieve a safe and stable supply chain decisions in the face of uncertainty. Results of using the proposed model for the development of microalgal biofuel production show that the cost biofuel production from microalgae is 88.5 thousand Rials per liter. Current production cost of microalgae-based biofuel cannot compete with that of fossil fuel, but the cost can be significantly decreased with a slight increase in algae productivity or oil content in future.

The goal of this research was to assess the severity of diseases caused by suspended particulate matters for the residents of the area and the health risk assessment in Sanandaj. The statistical information about the concentration of particulate matters was taken in 2012 from the Sanandaj Department of Environment. The field measurement of particulate matters was also carried out in 17 monitoring stations in Sanandaj for different months during a year by using portable devices. Then for quantifying the effects of air pollutants, Air Quality Health Impact Assessment (AirQ) software was used. Next, calculations were made in Excel for preparation of the input data. Finally, prediction of mortality and comparing it with the available statistics was performed and the health risk assessment was conducted for the region. The study of air pollution due to particulate matters in the city of Sanandaj showed that most of the days, the area was contaminated with low intensity and the days of unhealthy and dangerous including less than two months from June to August. The highest amounts of the average concentrations of particulate matters in different months of the year were seen in the first five months of the year and especially in June. However, the number of patients admitted by health centers due to air pollution, in the winter and April, were the greatest. Most of the air pollution was seen in the northeast (Area A) due to the repairing workshops, passenger terminal and industrial park located in that area. Assessment of the number of patients admitted by the medical centers in the city of Sanandaj and comparing it with the amounts predicted by AirQ, showed that the results of AirQ were less than the real data, while the predicted mortality rates were more than the real data. In terms of demographic categories indifferent parts of the city, the distribution was almost equal. However, it was the highest rate in the area number 3, which had the lowest air pollution. Prediction of health risk in the area showed the highest risk in the area number one and for the people in age of 20- 44 years old. The main cause was the more exposure of people living in this area to air pollutants.  In cold seasons of the year, due to inversion and the topographical situation of the region, respiratory diseases and mortality rate increased in the study area. Based on the diseases recorded in the statistical year, 581 cases of chronic lung diseases,570 cases of angina thoracic, 23 cases of asthma and 39 deaths attributed to air pollution has been reported.

Azolla plants with the capability of fixing nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, which are used as green manure and the nutrients in the compost, can be considered as a source of nutrition for plants. This study was designed to investigate the combined effects of Azolla with organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil NPK levels on study the growth index of Populous Deltoids. The Azolla were collected from ponds of Joibar city located in Mazandaran province. Azolla compost was used in combination with inorganic and organic materials and the amount of NPK in these compounds and its effects on growth parameters (height, stem diameter and leaf fresh weight) were investigated. The compost of Azolla 100% and straw 100% had the highest and the lowest NPK that resulted in significant increases in growth indices of Populus deltoides in comparison with control one. Growth Indices in the compost of Azolla 100% showed the significant increase in comparison to other fertilizer treatments (different percentages of Azolla, straw and urea). Also, the mixed manure of Azolla and organic compost (Azolla 50%+ straw 50%) (With 0.32% nitrogen, 0.02% phosphorus and 0.24% K) with inorganic fertilizer of urea was significantly increased growth parameters of plant than control. According to the results, compound fertilizer 50% Azolla +50% straw + urea and Azolla 100% compost were had the greatest impact on improving the soil and finaly, plants growth. Therefore, use of green manure and green manure combined with a combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers, according to the effects on soil chemical traits, resulted in fertility improvement and increase of crop and by reducing the use of chemical fertilizer in agriculture will prevent environmental pollution and its staggering costs and contribute to the sustainable development of agriculture.

Vegetation that is commonly used in urban design has a significant impact on air quality in the urban canyons. Thus, planners should be aware of vegetation impacts. In Isfahan metropolis, though vegetation covers a considerable portion of the city, the streets are encountered with pollution problems. In this study, distribution of pollution in urban canyons is evaluated using an optimal model for pollution reduction. A three-dimensional modeling software called ENVI-met along with local and sub-climatic air quality model based on CFD-computational fluid dynamics- is used to study the influence of vegetation on pollution level in urban canyons. In this study, first a sample of real field and next a simpler version of the selected area are simulated. Different parameters such as height to width ratio in urban canyons, density of trees, location of trees in the streets and gaps between the trees are evaluated. The obtained results show that the increase of wind velocity in the shallow valleys is at the the lower level and the absence of natural obstacles such as trees reduces the level of pollution due to the high velocity of wind at this condition. When trees are located in the center of urban canyons, pollution and tree distances are inversely correlated and pollution level reduces by increasing the distance between the trees. In the other words, the pollution that is caught by the tree canopies decreases with the reduction in tree canopies.

In our country the generation of youth includes the most percentage of the whole population. The education of environment can help fostering of environmental culture and attainment to sustainable development purposes. It is clear that acquaintance of youth with environmental basic science in the education of different degrees can foster compatibility, mentality and conversation of natural conservation and creasing of sense of responsibility in young population. The aim of this essay is to survey of students’ views of secondary curriculumaround environment Conservation in Meshkinshar County. This survey is functional type and its analytical-explanatory. The population of this study is over 16 students who were selected by multistage random sampling, and the tool is researcher's questionnaire. Formal validity of questionnaire was proven by expert panels. A survey with the same population with 30 questionnaires was held and a finding by the use of Cronbach alpha formula in the SPSS software obtained stability was 0.85. For attaining the sustainable development namely harmonious development and with protecting environmental values and natural dynamics must think of the evolution of society’s subsistence culture until society accord their character with sustainability and nature dynamics. Hence, outbreak of environmental crisis and devastation and decomposition of natural sources with promoting of population have been caused that current human attempt to prevent their environment devastation.  The findings showed that expert from variable orientation for creating  of  environmental complexes , rate of visit from parks and green spaces, using from educational films regarding environment, between all variables ( rate of  environmental educational material on the reading book, attitude regarding environmental conservation, rate of environmental  interests, rate  of schools books, rate of use from  environmental journals and publication, information technology of teachers regarding environment) had positive and significant correlation with  students’ views regarding environment conservation. Finally, it is presented based on findings of practical research suggestions.

The aim of this study was to survey, identify training needs, Tehran Municipality staff about environmental issues and the educational model which is based on the DACUM model. For this purpose, the population of 1331 people formed the staff of Tehran Municipality 2. Studied a random sample of 310 participants were identified. Tools for data collection questionnaire which its validity confirmed and its reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient above 0.7 calculated. Data were analyzed using MATLAB software. Environment is one of the most vulnerable aspects that have always been threatened. Protection of the environment is a national duty. In a way that should be the responsibility of individual and society to preserve it, and the municipality as one of the custodians plays a vital role in this regard. The results showed there are significant differences between different levels of educated staff which means staffs with higher education diploma need higher level of training compare to the two other groups with underground and postgraduate degrees.

Surveying ofBalekhloo River’s water is necessary because it is one of the main branches of Gharasoo River in Ardabil and supplying water for Yamchi dam Due to the presence of contaminant sources such as wastewater, residential areas, and industrial, agricultural and mineral water, river morphology. Today evaluation of water quality based on macro invertebrates variety has completed chemical methods of pollution recognizes. In this study water quality examination of Balekhloo River in Ardebil, macro invertebrates were sampled in 5 stations along the river in 2 times of year (low water season and high water season). For results’ simulation measuring of some physico chemical parametres were perfomed. Macro invertebrates were identified and evaluated with Shannon winner variety index, Margalef biotic index and Pielou similarity index. In this study, ten orders of invertebrates in 23 categories were identified and counted and result simulation laboratory measured of physico chemical parameters like DO, Nitrate, PH, Debi and velocity. Results showed that there are similarities between physical, chemical and biological indexes and Margalef biotic index was known more suitable bio assessment index to determine water quality in Balekhloo River. Finally, by comparison of physical, chemical and bio index parameters of Balekhloo River’s water quality was classified into three region low, moderate and high pollution.

Nowadays, enviromental impact of buildings is assessed by several sustainability rating systems. Analyzing relative importance and prioritizing of assessment criteria, as the principal measures for rating systems, indicate the general trend of those systems in accordance with three pillars of sustainability, i.e. environment, economics and society. Having gathered data in the form of library-based study, this paper proposes a framework to compare and analyze the criteria of widely-used assessment systems, including BREEAM, LEED, CASBEE, DGNB and HQE. By chossing an analytical-comparative method, assessment criteria for 5 rating systems are explored and classified. In order to acquire the relative importance of each criterion, weigthing coefficients are adopted and the weighted percentages are calculated. The comparative framework organized by three principles of sustainability, mainly covers 11 categories including Energy, Water, Site, Environmental Loads, Material, Waste, Indoor Environmental Quality, Socio-cultural issues, Economics, Technical and Functional Quality and Sustainable Management. Sub-criteria of each category provide the possibility for evaluating rating systems sufficiency at the micro level. Rating systems concepts and trends have a major role in organizing criteria structure. For example, DGNB, which has an assessment structure in compliance with the three principles of sustainable architecture, much of criteria are assigned to economic and social issues, while BREEAM, LEED and HQE, considered as first generation of rating systems, mostly deal with environmental issues. In the holistic systems such as DGNB and CASBE issues such as performance, technical capabilities and building service are generally highlighted, whereas atomistic systems such as BREEAM, LEED and HQE give importance to preservation of resources including energy, water, land, etc. However, in both systems, energy and indoor environment quality are significantly considered.