Journal of Medicinal Herbs
Volume:5 Issue: 3, Autumn 2014

In biotechnology has been concentrated to review alternative routes for the production of natural compounds. Plant cell culture systems are viable alternatives for the production of secondary metabolites that are of commercial importance in food and pharmaceutical industries. However, relatively very few cultures synthesize these compounds over extended periods in amounts comparable to those found in whole plants. Various strategies have been employed to increase the production of secondary metabolites in cell cultures. These include manipulation of culture media (hormonal and nutrient stress) and environmental conditions (temperature, pH and osmotic stress), precursor addition, elicitation and combination of these strategies. Nowadays, genetic manipulation of biosynthetic pathways by metabolic engineering has also become a powerful technique for enhanced production of desired metabolites. Studies have shown that both biotic and abiotic elicitors synthesis of secondary metabolites increases in plant cell culture medium.

The genus Tanacetum L. belongs to the family Asteraceae and tribe Anthemideae. According to the recent findings the number of Tanacetum species in Iran is 36, of which 12 are endemic. In this study the essential oil composition of Tanacetum chiliophyllum var. oligocephalum was investigated for the first time.   Experimental: The plant was collected during flowering stage from west Azerbaijan province of Iran, Naghadeh. The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS.

The oil with the yield of 0.5% (w/w) based on the dry weight of plant was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS and identified. Twenty-seven components were identified representing 99.7% of the total essential oil. 1,8-Cineole (28.8%), camphor (12.8%), santolina alcohol (11.7%) and linalool (7.1%) were determined as major compounds. Recommended applications/industries: Different members of the genus Tanacetum have compounds with high medicinal value. Essential oil of the studied species with respect to the high amount of 1,8-cineole, camphor and linalool can be considered as a natural source of these valuable medicinal compounds.

Considering the inevitable side effects of chemical drugs, nowadays, herbal medicine has gained a special importance. Cinnamon of Lauraceae Family, is commonly used as a food spice and medicine. It is famous to be, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-viral, and antispastic. It also prevents abdominal bloating, increases sweating and uterus muscle constrictions. Cinnamon’s essence is known to have anti-fungal and antibacterial effects, which most presumably reflects the presence of ortho methoxy cinnamic aldehyde components in it (OR which is due to the presence of ortho methoxy cinnamic aldehyde components). Cinnamon extracts contain eugenol compounds which characterizes the fibrinolytic effects of it.Furthermore, Cinemon and its derivatives can also influence the central nervous system and alleviate the pain. Additionally, cinnamon compounds can influence insulin effects and reduce the insulin resistance and consequently result in positive effects on blood sugar level. One of its most important effects is the effect on increased sexual drive. Direct or indirect effect of cinemon compounds in increasing hormonal production and release could well be due to increase of nitric acid synthesis. It also contains volatile and non-volatile non-phenolic ingredients that most probably bring about its anti-oxidant effects.  Recommended applications/industries: Considering the mentioned effects of cinnamon and its extracts and additional ease of extraction and its cost effectiveness, it can be easily used in pharmaceutical and food industries. In food industry, it's anti-microbial and anti-oxidants effects and even for packaging strategies as a natural conservator cinnamon can be an effective candidate.

Turmeric, scientifically named (Curcuma longa L.), a member of ginger (Zingiberaceae) family, is a perennial plant, with pharmaceutical properties and with a rhizome. This plant has many medicinal characteristics including anti-cancer, anti-bacteria and anti-hepatitis properties. Experimental: To study the effects of Gibberellic acid and Salicylic acid on leaf, the rhizome was obtained from Thailand and was cultured for two years in the greenhouses of Khorasgan University (Isfahan). Before culture, the rhizome was soaking in 150 ppm of Gibberellic acid for four hour and 400 ppm of Salicylic acid for one hour. The rhizomes were then planted in three blocks in the model of randomized complete blocks. The extract was taken by soxhlet afterwards. Detection of the substances was done by GC/MS.  

Metabolic analysis on the plant showed that most of the metabolites on the leaf include Camphor, pinene, beta- Ocimene  and 1,8 Cineole. Consequence of using Gibberllic acid is increasing the amount of Camphor, 1,8 Cineole, Camphene, α-pinene and new terpen components such as Vitamin E, α-Thujone and Limonene in leaves of this plant, also amount of some metabolites such as Camphor, 1,8 Cineole, Camphene increased by using of salicylic acid. Recommended applications/industries: Considering the medicinal specifications of curcuma,in metabolic productionthe amount of some secnedary metabolits can be increased by Growth regulators. because of having some important metabolites curcuma is one of the most important medicinal plants in our traditional and modern medicin.increasing in amount of seconedary metabolites is the result of using Gibbrllic acid and salicylic acid that can make a variety in both number and amount of metabolites.

Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora H.B.K.) is a richly scented herb and has a long history as a sacred and medicinal plant. Select an appropriate medium in tissue culture is a necessity for success Experimental: To evaluate the effect of 10 medium of previous researches for Lippia micropropagation (1- MS medium supplemented with BAP (3 mgL-1) + IBA (0.1 mgL-1) + activated charcoal (1 gL-1) 2- MS medium supplemented with BAP (1 mgL-1) + IBA (0.5 mgL-1) + activated charcoal (1 gL-1) 3- 1/2MS 4- MS medium supplemented with BAP (5 mgL-1) 5- MS medium supplemented with BAP (1 mgL-1) 6- MS medium supplemented with activated charcoal (1 gL-1) 7- MS medium supplemented with BAP (1 mgL-1) + activated charcoal (1 gL-1) 8- MS medium supplemented with BAP (1 mgL-1) + AgNO3 (5 mgL-1) 9- MS medium supplemented with AgNO3 (5 mgL-1) 10- MS (control)), an experiment was conducted as a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replicates and three explants per replication.

The results showed positive effects for BAP (5 mgL-1) and somewhat active charcoal, but contrary to predictions, AgNO3 had no effect on reducing senescence and leaf necrosis. Recommended applications/industries: Therefore, Based on the finding, the four medium (MS medium supplemented with BAP (5 mgL-1)) with the highest rates of shoot fresh weight, leaf number, internodes number, shoot number, root fresh weight, callus diameter and root dry weight can be introduced as a suitable medium of tissue culture in this experimental conditions.

Medicinal Plants of the raw materials necessary for the manufacturing industry provides, One of the main products of the country are, On the other hand, the villages, the economic development, the central role, the key is unmatched, To achieve this must be provided opportunities to increase revenue in villages, And one of these occasions, in the province of Charmahal-o-bakhtiyari medicinal plants, along with other agricultural activities And even grow new crops such as herbs instead of replacing traditional crops in the province. In this study the economic aspects of the operation of peanuts as a medicinal species native to the province, has been studied. Experimental: Required data obtained through interviews with a random sample of And the Domestic Resource Cost (DRC) analyzes have been.

Results showed that province, this product has a potential comparative advantage in the production and Collecting and selling peanuts prone areas of the product net profit of 40130000 Rials for farmers involved. Recommended applications/industries: Considering that the native peanut Zagros region in the country, Agricultural Organization of training needed for planting and harvesting this product will provide effective methods to farmers. In this case, in addition to increasing farmers' income, In this case, in addition to increasing farmers' income, provided the raw material for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, as well as rural migration to urban areas reduces the Mya.

Investigation of suspension cell culture and callus production in Catharanthus roseus. Catharanthus roseus is an herbaceous perennial plant belongs to the family Apocynaceae. C. roseus is important as commercial medicinal plant because of its alkaloidal content. Whole plant contains about 130 alkaloids those are classified as vinca alkaloids. Vincristine and vinblastine; two anti-microtubular agents of vinca alkaloids are the first natural drugs utilized in cancer therapy. Monomeric alkaloids such as vindoline and catharanthin are precuser for other alkolids. These reasons are motives to its production by tissue culture. The goal of this investigation is to characterize the best level plant hormones in the in vitro culture. Experimental: Improvement experiment of production callus carried out in Factorial arrangement with three agents, Explant, amount of plant hormones (2, 4-D, and BAP). Comparison mean showed leave explants had callus in number of treatments but these callus were strong and stem explants had medium callus production in more treatment than leave explants. For improvement suspension culture used of Randomized complete with six treatment of plant hormones (2, 4-D, BAP, and KN) in three repeats.

Number of the cell and dried weight cell measured for mean comparison. Variance analysis number of cells showed that had significant difference in p>0.01 and second treatment produced most cell numbers and so in dried weight cells had significant difference in p>0.01 and third treat produced most biomass in all treatments. Recommended applications/industries: Results of this study indicated that 2.5 mg/L 2, 4-D and 2 mg/L  BAP are suitable for  suspension cell culture and callus production in Catharanthus roseus.

Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam (Kakuty-e-Kohi) is an aromatic and medicinal plant belonging to the family Labiaceae. The essential from this species contains pulegune that having effects such as sedative, stomach tonic, to treat colds, depression, diarrhea, cough, migraine, fever, and antiseptic. This study aimed to identify the chemical composition of essential oil Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. collected from Tuserkan, Hamadan, Western Iran. Experimental: The aerial parts in full flowering were collected. Forming compounds from plant oils using GC and GC / MS analysis were identified.

Results this study indicated that the main components in the oil were pulegone , caryphyllene, and 1,8-cineole.  Recommended applications/industries: Recommended for industrial applications with regard to the use of herbal medicines to treat many diseases are on the rise, due to the presence plant in its essence, is a high antioxidant effect.