نشریه دانش پژوهی تامل
پیاپی 4 (پاییز و زمستان 1396)

The Issue of relation between the spirit and the body is a controversial problem in the realm of philosophical knowledge of the spirit. Mullah Sadra has propounded theories about the issue likewise the peripatetic philosophers and has achieved outstanding goals. The present paper discusses his opinion about the issue. He agrees with some of the ideas of the peripatetic philosophers about the spirit, but considers the relation between physical and non-physical beings impossible. Resorting to his common philosophical principles like originality and gradation of existence, substantial movement and finally the mixture of substance and appearance, he achieves the uniting and essential mixture of spirit and body. He sees the reality of spirit a relative reality. According to Mullah Sadra spirit is mere physical at first, but step by step with substantial movement in addition to keeping the previous condition moves toward non-physicality, i. e. it is at first mere substantial and then gets substantial- semi-substantial (Methali) and it is possible to reach the level of substantial-semi-substantial-intellectual. The essential consequence of uniting relationship between spirit and body and enjoyment of spirit from both physical and non-physical aspects is the theory of unity of spirit and the powers on which he insists. According to this theory, the mutual influence between spirit and body is interpreted as influence between the degrees.

The present paper has discussed the matters pertaining belief (Iman) and unbelief (Kofr) from perspective of Ash'ari, Matoridi and Fakhr razi. Wat we have understood from their books is that they hold that the reality of "Iman" is confirming by heart and the action is not part of the essence of Iman; they see the subject of Iman "wat the Prophet has said" and the position of Iman the heart. All the tree scholars believe that Iman is not increasable or decreasable. The only disagreement among them is the unity of "Islam" and "Iman"; Matoridi holds that Islam and Iman are the same, while Ash'ari and Fakhr Razi believe that Islam has a wider meaning than Iman. They see the fact of Kofr as rejection of what the Prophet has said and do not call the perpetrators of the big sins and the Muslims as Kafir. According to their opinion about Iman and Kofr, rejection of the Califs also do not entail takfir. The conclusion is that according to their beliefs, it not easy to call person as kafir.

"Tajrid Al-E'etiqad" is book in Arabic language about Islamic theology written by Khawja Nasir Al-Din Toosi (d 672 H) and is one of the best or according to some the first book about the theological and philosophical beliefs of Shi'a school. This from when it was written until now has always been subject of thoughts and studies of the Shi'a and Sunni scholars and thinkers for almost nine centuries. It is a turning point in the history of Islamic theology due to its special approach to philosophy and theology. Khawjah has arranged the subjects of the book in six parts and 12 sections with 225 matters. The most obvious characteristic of the book is that it extraordinarily brief. The present paper has tried to introduce the book by a descriptive method.

Tawassul that is one of the beliefs of the Shi'a and the majority of the Muslims means intercession of a person or thing in front of Allah to access Him and achieve the needs. Tawassul has a close relation with intercession and the two concepts are usually used together. According to the Shi'as, the importance of Tawassul stems from the divine rule in the Qur'an and the numerous narrations from Ahl-Al-Bayt. There are also statements containing Tawassul in the prayers and pilgrimage citations of the Imams the most comprehensive of which is the prayer of "Tawassul". In the contemporary era, Wahhabis following Ibn Taimyyah have propounded some doubts about Tawassul, but the Shi'a and the majority of Sunni scholars have rejected them.

The thoughts of violence and terror by orders attributed to God are vastly used in the Holy books of the Jews. The racist thought, the sense of supremacy, love of predomination over the others and humiliation of them stem from their corrupt beliefs. These factors have facilitated the establishment of a global rule by them to use it for domination over human beings and for slavery, murder, terror and deception. The rule of Zionism emerged after a series of conferences by "Theodor Herzl" and the nation of the Jews was established by help of the UK in Palestinian lands. The land then became the state of the Jew or the chosen nation under the title of "the state of Israel" by surrounding the people of Palestine and buying their lands by force, murder and terror.

Most of the people have a false understanding of predestination (Qada' and Qadar); for example, when they have a car accident, they attribute it to "kismet" and predestination without thinking about their faults and law violations. Therefore, having a true understanding of Qada' and Qadar may help to avoid such mistakes. "Qada" means the certainty of an event its causes and "Qadar" means the boundaries and characteristics of the event. In fact Qada' and Qadar means provoking of all the causes which stems from will and knowledge of Allah. Among the events in the universe, the human actions are among those that depend on human will an addition to several other causes, i. e. what mankind does with free will is also under Qada' and Qadar. The present paper studies the relationship between Qada' and Qadar and the optional actions of mankind.