پژوهش نامه انتقادی متون و برنامه های علوم انسانی
پیاپی 62 (دی 1397)

Islamic Society in the 3rd and 4thHijri centuries are important due to the dominance of the Buyid dynasty, Iranian and Shiite rulers in the Sunni Abbasid caliphate system and so, the matter received the consideration of Iranian scholars and Orientalists and Islamologists. The research and compilation about this period of history requires the accurate recognition of the Islamic society, Iranian society as well as the views of Sunnis and Shiites. For this reason, the Mottahedeh book, which takes approaches aboutthe two components of Loyalty and leadership, emphasizing the Buyid, deserves translation and critique. This critique is also about the content of the book in the original language and since the translation of the book is important in the proper transmission of the concepts of history, culture and the correction of the deficienciesin the original text,it evaluates two existing translations of the book by matching it with the original text as well as adapting the two translation texts.  Result shows that, lack of proper cognitionabout the Islamic society, the Iranian customs and culture, and the Buyid encountered problems in the text,despite the innovation and creativity in choosing social discussions. Although the translators of the first translation have not provided enough explanations to address the deficienciesof the content of the book, due to their consistency with the scientific expertise of the author, they have been able to provide more reliable translation.

Torath is said to be a collection of literary and historical heritage that has been inherited from our ancestors and naturally written with their condition. Throughout history, due to changes that have been made in the language, sometimes writing has become different from generation to generation and therefor it is difficult to understand the writings of the predecessors. The longer the text is older, the problem will increase. In addition, the problem will be doubled when such texts should be translated. It's clear that all people cannot go to the original texts and have to use their translations. This is where the role of the translator as a mediator emerges. The translation will become more and more true and influent to the extent that the translator translates in a field that he has capability and has a mastery in the language of origin and destination.

History, historiography and historical knowledge are one of the favorite topics of postmodern scholars in the West and some of their exponents in Iran. Postmodernist ideas emerging from hermeneutical thought were a movement against positivist, deterministic, and objectivist views, especially in the humanities. The postmodern thinkers have defined history differently. In their view, any description of the events of the past is in the form of an interpretation of them, and the past is never fully and accurately recognizable. But the reality is that accepting and applying the hermeneutic postmodernist perspective in history, means getting absolute skepticism and the destruction of the bases of the historical knowledge and its rejection. Hence, in this research, this devastating and relativistic view has been critically criticized on the basis of some of the main postmodern texts. The research findings indicate the postmodern hermeneutic view of history contains contradictions which does not allow the researcher to accept the history of this view.

Today, the discussion of method and methodology is one of the important measures of science in any field of science. Perhaps now, without knowledge of the method and methodology is questionedthe claim of sciencein every discipline.  Meanwhilethe present study criticizes three published works in the field of research method in the historynamelyresearch Method in Historiography by Dr. Jahangir GhaemMaghami, an introduction to research method in the history by Dr. AlirezaMollaiyTavani and Method of Research in History by Dr. Hassan Hazratiand  it has evaluated method and methodology and its relation with thinking in the history. This critique reveals the implications of adopting a positivist approach in the history.Adoption of the methodologicalpatterns of natural sciences in history,Weakening the position of criticism, Undermining the position of thought in history, ignore the role of the historian as at least part of the process of producing history, and ... is the consequences of adopting a positivist approach in history. Accordingly, it is the current research strategy that  arrangements are to be consideredby that, thinking in history becomes the dominant position.The present article problem is to establish a distinct relation between history and thought and in this regard, there is a definition and interpretation of history and historical methodology that advocates for strengthening thinking.

The rapid Generalization of educational technology can be seen as a revolution in education. Accordingly, the forthcoming, not too distant, in the "Council for the Study of Texts and Textbooks" seems to be the focus on examining the content of electronic textbooks along with printed books. The initial step in criticizing  electronic content is identifying features, functions and requirements of an electronic syllabus. The purpose of this research is  formulated the requirements and  governing the production of academic electronic content in the field of history. This is an attempt to get an idea of how these works are appropriately criticized. Part of these studies is about how to use multimedia facilities in electronic content to teach history at the university. Based on this, the main issue of this study is how to align history teaching with the capabilities, methods and tools of education in the electronic education system and electronic content.   This study was conducted using descriptive-analytical method. This study showed that the nature and content of the history courses are very much aligned with e-learning . The data from this research can be a useful tool for developing a critique of electronic content, especially in the field of history.

In this article was been criticized the explanatory and interpretative function of the book of "Politics of Knowledge in the Islamic world: The convergence of knowledge and ideology in the Seljuq period" from two positive and negative aspects. The cultural status of the Islamic society, especially from the standpoint of knowledge and its relationship with the political institution in the Seljuq period, is one of the privileged and lesser known aspects of Islamic culture and civilization. The author of the book, using the theories of Louis Althusser and Michel Foucault, has examined the relationship between the two institutions of politics and knowledge in the Seljuq period. Some outstanding Notes of the book were Importance of subject and different producing of it, Fluent and understandable translation, focus on an important, complex and new topic in the research, explanation and interpretation of the subject using a variety of historical and geographical sources, But in the book can be found many imperfections as the failure to provide an understandable description of the subject, inappropriate generalization, and inattention to the historical research method, some intermittent themes in the original text, and some inappropriate equivalence, and typic and editing errors in translated text.

The present research introduces and criticizes the book ''Tazkera-al Khavas'', written by one of the scholars and historians of the seventh century, called Shams Aldin Yusof Ibn Qeazveghli, known as Sebt Ibn-Juzi. Since he has a special method and approach in the report of Ashura and the incidents about it, analyzing his report brings forth remarkable points for the other researchers. Furthermore, the author uses sources in the report of Ashura that are not available now; therefore, expounding his report, not only gives the historian scholars a relative awareness of the structure and contents, but also prepares the ground to reproduce the other works of historians.

As long as the researchers of the Safavid history and concerned , the name of Roger Mervyn Savory is a historian whose name is well known and Familier ti all.He is an a author whose name has repeatedly been a led in the majority of works full of replicas in the Safavid history. His career has led Safavids studies, especially in Iran, under his control, and the Iranian and Orientalism in this field repeatedly Cite him. In the minds of some researchers, Savory is known as a powerful researcher and distinguished Safavidologist, and he has even become himself a reference point for the Safavid history. He has also been Induction by such frequent and repeated writings about himself. However, his accurate and impartial examination of his writings does not prove it. His most important writings are based on the book of the history of the Alamara-i Abbasimi, which was complemented by other researchers of contemporaries. His information and views on the history of the Safavids are one-sided and influenced by the official Safavid sources, and are supposedly exaggerated. This article aims to prove some sources of Savory 's insight in a documented way that his writings are non-investigative. He has more to transcribe the sources of Safavid history.

In the studies related to Ancient Iran, the lack of data including classical historians’ texts, parchments, inscriptions and in other words; archeological and literary evidence documents make the historians face problems in analyzing precisely. Translation of a classical work related to a special period, has an importance that by publishing a work in this field, the historical data will be interpreted in other way. Thus, it is clear that translation of classical Greek and Latin works have double importance. In addition to a complete focus on the historical period of the text, it is worthy that the translator tries to be completely loyal to the text with a full knowledge of author’s style. In this research, it has been aimed to give the ways in order to prevent translator and researcher mistakes by comparative studies of two ancient historians from ancient Greece and Rome; Herodotus Halicarnassus and Plutarchus Chaeronea.

This article aimed to investigate Vedad-al-Ghazi's views, the author of the book entitled as "Kissaniah Sect". This study was carried out based on descriptive-analytic approach and was documented upon the references. Since Vedad-al-Ghazi was proficient in Arabs literature, he could successfully exploit traditional Arabic references and hand-written documents about Kissaniah Sect. He has used Kissaniah's poems and the opposite views to analyze dark points of Kissaniah's history and has gained important creativities in this regard. To investigate the ambiguous points related to Kissaniah, he has proposed some speculations which are not in accord with history.  He has mentioned that Abdellahibn Saba was a real person, contrary to the  doubts about his  historical existence. He has also argued many Sabiah's activities. He has not investigated Ali's (PBUH) statements about his son, Mohammad. Furthermore, he has assigned many activities done by Ghaliah to Mokhtar himself. Vedad-al-Ghazi has ignored to investigate holy Quran verses and Prophet Mohammad's statements to describe the concepts of Rajath and Al-gayba.

The main purpose of this article is to analyze and critique the ideological ideas of the historiography of Shah Isma'il I Safavid in the book of Iran in the Safavid Era by Ali Akbar Velayati. This book is organized in 656 pages, in one introduction and five chapters, with the aim of examining Iranian history during the Safavid Era. Before attempting to enter the main part of the article, the author has tried to draw up a record of the use of ideological approaches in the history of the Safavid Era. In this way, there are two general and ideological critical and formal approaches that can be explicitly taken from political or religious ideas behind both. From the author's point of view, the history of Iran in the Safavid Era is based on works that can be considered as ideological official works. Given the importance of the Safavid history in two types of critical and official ideological historiography, the author has tried to identify and extract the official ideological agenda in the book, focusing on the period of Shah Isma'il I. In this way, the author, while criticizing the sources of study data, has tried to classify events that have undergone ideological readings based on first-hand resources and then analyze according to the identified agenda.

The book ‘Nixon, Kissinger and Shah; relation between Iran and U.S.A in cold war’ is very marketable book in Iran’s bazaar. There are very important claims about nature of Iran’s relations with U.S.A. Main claim is this question that did Shah acted Independent toward west in political area? Did Shah altered relations of ruler – obedience in Nixon’s period and obliged U.S.A to follow Iran’s regional politics? Studying about importance of this claim and critic of that is main purpose of this article. This article concludes several phases of relation between Iran and U.S.A in decades 1950 until 1970. Hence formed debates about this relation. Shah used international’s opportunity that altered nature of Iran’s relation with U.S.A in several phases and played deferent roles. But these operations didn’t altered nature relation between Iran and U.S.A. because when this was altered the context and international’s opportunities, relation between Iran and U.S.A come bake to ruler – obedience.

The aim of this article is critical review of the book “The Ghaznavid and Seljuq Turks: poetry as a source for Iranian history”. Using Farrokhi and Mo῾zziʼs poem being historical source for Ghaznavid and Seljuq period is fundamental aim of this book and its advantage beside the historiography source. So, article tries to answer such questions: How much the writer of this book succeeds to cover that aim? And to what extend it has applied scientific method properly?
By some critical eye and analytical view it will be proves that this valuable study covers its objective; but it neglects methodological point and writing instrument and some references and argumentations in few parts of this book is under the question.

JózefWolski’s works on the Arsacid history and culture has led to a new approach which has shed new light on the unknown and ambiguous aspects of the Arsacid Empire. For him, the first step in reconstructing the picture of Arsacid period in the framework of the Ancient Persian history is reexamining and revising the ideas long held by historians of this period. The method implemented is to extract Wolski’s basic vision and approach out of his key writings. To this end, many of his most important papers were translated or summarized. Among the most important achievements of this study in introducing his works is that the Persian domestic sources gained prominence and were changed into canonical works.As well, a systematic criticism of Greek and Roman sources related to the Arsacid Empire was achieved. Moreover, the most fundamental strategy of the author under discussion was to find the ideological links between Arsacid and Achaemenid traditions. To unravel these links, he brings forth the hypothesis concerning ArsacidIranism. Although not fully successful, his ideas were instrumental in modifying the negative opinions towards the empire.

This article focuses on the critique of the book "The Crafters and Their Business Life in the Safavid Period: Essays in the Socio-Economic History of Iran" by Mahdi Kavani. This work was considered as the first independent book on the subject. The author influenced the views of the nineteenth-century thinkers of Western Europe which explored some of the social developments in this age and tries to prove that the Safavid government was preventing the formation of powerful independent autonomous merchants and, consequently, the economic dynamism of this period. This work is organized in six sections and 31 sub-sections. After the first part, which includes the general introduction of the work, The section examines and analyzes the dimension of the effect and then introduces the author and translator. But the most important part of this review is the background of the research on guilds in Iran and beyond, and analyzing the effect of the content. The latter section is presented in two parts: introspection and outsourcing critique.
This critique is the first output of the "Review of the Impact of the Research on Social History" Which has been reorganized in the framework of the Council for the Study of Texts and Humanities Books.