پژوهشنامه نقد ادب عربی
سال نهم شماره 17 (پاییز و زمستان 1397)

One of the main components of semantics is the semantic field in which the exact meaning of words is determined. Semantic fields can be used to understand the Holy Quran more comprehensively. This analytical- descriptive study tends to find collocations of Sadda, and investigate the diachronic and synchronic semantic fields of Sadda and Sadid in the Holy Quran. The study asks with what semantic fields Sadda can be associated. Also, it asks which collocation can determine better the semantic fields of Sadda and Sadid. The study believes that the semantic fields of Sadda include the Arabic collocations of Sadda which have the meaning of disbelief, oppression, hypocrisy and debauchery. It becomes evident that Sadid as the nominative form of Sadda has facilitated the identification of the semantic fields of Sadda. Apart from identification of the semantic fields of Sadda, the study also discusses the diachronic and synchronic semantic fields and semantics of Sadid in the Holy Q u r an .

The media has always played a key role in influencing public opinion. Representation is one of the important means with which media achieves its highest influence. Representations can only deliver a series of versions of reality. Each of these versions is materialized in a way to persuade readers/audiences that it only can deliver the ultimate truth. Repetitions and generalizations are two representational strategies with which stereotypes can be formed. In the media and literature of any nation, a number of stereotypes exist. These stereotypes are reflective of their society’s status, and at the same time can actively affect the society. As a result, the rapport between the society and the emergent stereotypes are mutual, and none of them can be regarded as the determining instance over the other. Considering the above-mentioned facts, the present research analyzes the gender stereotypes in Ehsan Abdolqoddus Zavjat Ahmad. Through its descriptive-analytical method, the study claims that as a prominent Egyptian writer, Abdolqoddus has heavily utilized gender stereotypes for conveyance of his ideas. Presenting a successful woman against the male characters of the novel is one way Abdolqoddus has used and challenged the gender stereotypes of Egyptian society Unlike the abstract cry of feminists for annihilation of gender stereotypes, Abdolqoddus has focused on both the limitations and opportunities such stereotypes can deliver for both men and women of a traditional Egyptian society.

Today psychological theories have come to be considered as remarkably efficient means of analyzing literary works. In particular Jacques Lacan's psychological theory has recently become one of the most widely used tenets for critical study of literary works. In most of the Lacanian studies of literary works, Lacan’s notion of three orders (the imaginary, the symbolic and the Real) is utilized. This psychological notion is useful and effective for the psychological analysis of fictional characters which have been set to experience particular evolutionary paths. Moreover, this theoretical framework is especially effective in presenting scholars with a comprehensive framework for analyzing fictional characters of literary works. Among Arabic odes, some odes such as Khalil Havi’s “The Sailor and the Pious Man” are notably distinguished and important. This ode depicts a symbolic representation of the relation between the East and the West through two characters: the Sailor and the Pious Man. Considering this symbolic representation, the present study analyzes Havi’s ode through utilizing Lacan's psychological notion of the three orders. The study claims that the ode’s poet - as the narrator of the symbolic characters of the Sailor and the Pious Man - quickly pulls them out of the imaginary order, and puts them in the Real. Throughout this stage, the poet narrates the characters’ actions which are taken for achieving the unseen and the impossible. The nature of both the actions and their purpose can be psychologically situated in the Lacanian Real. Apart from referring to the nature of actions and their purpose, it needs to be mentioned that the ode is filled with references to death; a concept which constitutes the semantic identity of the Real. Keywords: The Sailor and the Pious Man, The Three Orders, The Real, Lacan, Khalil Havi.

The two significances of phonetics are in its examination of the semantic variety of sentences, and in its evaluation of the syntactic tone of language. The latter significance results in the evaluation of the aesthetics of sound and meaning in language since it surveys the ways consonants and vowels are repeated under phonic coordination. Furthermore, it also identifies certain meaning of language’s inductive power. Through its descriptive-analytical framework, the present research claims that the materialized phonetic balance and coordination of phoneme spaces in “Supplication of Arafa” lead to the emergence of a casual relationship in the supplication, and consequently help it gain phonetic melody and harmony. In this supplication, the phoneme spaces have strengthened the rhetoric features of the supplication, and facilitated the emergence of casual relationships; two aspects which are evident in any saying, writing or percept of the Imam (Peace Be Upon Him).

Imam Fakhr Razi’s Nihayat Al-Ijaz Fi Dirayat Al-Ejaz (606 AH) is one of the most important books on rhetoric. Summarizing the key topics of Abd Al-Qahir Al-Jurjani’s A s r a r A l - B a l a gha and D a l a iel A l -E j az , N i h a y at includes some of Fakhr Razi’s important sayings and precepts. Through its descriptive-analytical framework, this paper investigates Imam Fakhr Razi’s influence on rhetoric through the comparative analysis of N i h a y a t A l -I j a z F i Di r a y a t A l -E j az . The findings of the paper indicate that in this book, Fakhr Razi has interpreted actively Abd al-Qahir’s sayings and percepts, and in his interpretation he has vindicated them through lexical and logical reasoning; the logical reasoning which has not been in conventional correlation with rhetorical issues. In his elaborate interpretation of Abd al-Qahir’s sayings and percepts, Fakhr Razi has conveyed his own views on rhetoric, and consequently influenced subsequent scholars and thinkers.

A person or character to whom a narrative is addressed is called narratee. The narratee of a story can have a key role in molding the narrative structure of a story, and the sequence of events in it. The narratee also manages the ways audiences/readers are going to be affected by a particular story. Radwa Ashour’s Al-Tantouria is a contemporary Egyptian literary work which has unique narratological features. The narrative structure of the novel has multiple narrators, narratees and narratological focal points. Both the main narrator and narratee of the novel are internal. Having the internal nature of the narratee emphasized, one should keep in mind that readers will always be the inevitable external narratees of any narrative. One of the most important narratees of the novel is Hassan, who is one of the key characters of the novel. He offered his mother – the key narrator of the novel – to start narrating her story about Egyptian bravery, valor and national values. In doing this, the mother as the frame narrator of the novel considers Hassan to be her immediate narratee to whom she is narrating the story. It should be mentioned that the world views of both the narrator and the narratee of the novel are similar to each other. They are similar to the extent that at times the narratological positions of the mother and Hasaan as the key framework narrator and the internal narratee can be interchanged. Without Hssan - as the key narratee of the novel - one can claim that Al- T a ntou ria could not have been weaved in the Egyptian literary realm. Considering all the aforementioned facts, this descriptiveanalytical research examines the characteristics of the narrators and narratees of Ashour’s Al- T a ntou r ia . The study believes that such narratological analysis of the story can facilitate one’s understanding of the novel’s semantic rapports.

Paradox is an artistic method of composition which results in literary defamiliarizations. In contemporary literature and poetry, paradox has been used extensively. After giving a working definition of paradox as a literary method of composition, the present study discusses its difference from irony in Ahmed Matar's poetry. Through its descriptive-analytic framework, the study explores why Matar has relied heavily on paradox in his poetry. After analyzing his poems, the study concludes that two types of paradoxes are used in Matar's poetry: Mixed paradox and semantic paradox. The study also observes the political and discursive reasons why Matar wished to mask his critique of Arab society – which has suffered from the tyranny of dictatorial rulers – with his humorous, derisive and paradoxical language.

Children literature is a literary genre which can have a significant impact on the formation of a child's character. In discussing some topics and concepts, writers are occasionally afflicted with bias. Lebanon - a country with different religions and sects – is home to many fiction writers from different religious backgrounds. Considering these data, this research claims that Ali Hejazi – a famous Lebanese fiction writer – uses unbiased short stories while having an important influence on the individual and collective pedagogy. Based on this hypothesis, the research asks what key pedagogical concepts (both individual and collective) are present in Hejazi’s short stories, titled A l N o a s a nd A m i r A l - A w s af . Also, it asks which methods and means the stories use to materialize their pedagogical rapport. Through its descriptive-analytical framework, the research surveys views and studies of key pedagogical scholars as well. It concludes that Hejazi, while adhering to the artistic principles of a particular style, conveys the most important pedagogical concepts for children without any bias. The individual pedagogical concepts can be summarized as follows: foresight, indolence remonstrance, spiritual empowerment, and loyalty. The collective pedagogical concepts can be listed as follows: commitment towards others, teamwork and Mother Nature, accountability, humility, patriotism, and oppression remonstrance.