نشریه پژوهش های ادبی
پیاپی 44 (تابستان 1393)

Shirazi was one of the prominent poets of Qajarid era. He has authored a number of Farsi literary texts, which have been included within the framework of a number of treatises in one of his hand-written books named Daryaye Kabir. Given that the approach of literary books in the recent centuries has been consideration of previous books, and promotion, education and recitation of these books, it seems that these treatises are based on a number of works which have been written in India prior to the era of Shirazi. This shows the popularity of Indian books on the topics of eloquence in Shirazi’s time, while emphasizing the fact that there were no innovations for promotion of Farsi eloquence up until the days of Shirazi. The shortness and simplicity of the discussions presented by the compiler are two of the features of the discussed treatises.

Upon the study of post-modern poems one realizes that a large number of the features of grotesque style and technique are maintained in this type of poetry. This article intends to brief you on the current of post-modern poetry and the grotesque style, while referring to the similarities of the two and analyzing the application of the features of grotesque in post-modern poetry. The analytical methodology has been applied. The finding of research show the current of post-modern poetry in many cases are in line with the subjects and goals of grotesque style. This similarity and commonalty can be studied within the innate nature of these works and could also be the result of post-modernism current, which has influenced contemporary world literature.

This article is on the roles of verb in narration. Initially, the significance of verb in the view of experts in narration are presented and upon research of the fundamental concepts of this topic of importance, classifications in the study of verbs have been presented based on the study of narrations. The features of verb and its double role in the fields of grammar and narrations, have been thrown under the spotlight. Upon application of theories on narration, this study intends to find out the role of verb in concepts such as action, description, display, and grammatical changes in a clear and transparent manner. Ultimately, the impact of verbs in creation of classifications of story in addition to study of the writing style of novels are covered. Psychological wise, a number of tests have been presented manifesting the importance of verb in reading, memorizing, and understanding narrations. In the grammatical structure, different types of verb are introduced. Moreover, a definition of the verbs in narrations can also be rendered, within the framework of which the researcher tries to display the delicacies and capacities of verb in creation of prominent literary texts.

This article aims to analyze the process of depiction based on thoughts and imagination, through maintenance of the identity of displays. A structure is taken into consideration under the headings of central picture, tools of depiction, tone of depiction, function of depiction, and the imaginations regarding the text. Thereafter, different types of picture are introduced and identified based on shallow and in-depth views; lack of dynamism and dynamism, cinematic view, and open, large scale, restricted, closed and independent manifestations. This study has been based on research of manifestations of Shamlou’s poems, while eyeing different periods of poetry, and the criterion of shortness and pictorial nature of poems. The research outcomes reveal a bond between the manifestations and fiber of poems in the works of Shamlou. Dynamic, cinematic, and in-depth manifestations are frequent in his poetry. The analysis of manifestations in the poems of Shamlou, show the rebellious and critical approach of Shamlou’s poems which are the result of his social and personal life.

This article, by taking into consideration novel theories on poetry, especially the formalist standpoints, intends to study the efficiency of what is referred to as the defects of eloquence in the contemporary analysis of Farsi poetry. This process has taken place in two generalized and detailed styles. In the generalized process, the issue of dominating element in Russian formalism has been taken into account and interaction has been made between the theories presented on the defects of eloquence in Farsi books. Also, the shortcomings of eloquence up until the end of period of promotion of Hindi styles have been classified and researched in the three domains of compatibility, lack of compatibility and regression. The analysis of this subject leads us to conclude that in the era of compatibility, concurrent with the development of Khorasani style, the views presented on the defects of poems were in line with Farsi poetry. However, this rate of compatibility gradually declined. In the incompatibility era, which was concurrent with the  promotion of Hindi style; the social, literary, and aesthetic needs of Farsi language wiped out the originality of the analysis of contemporary poetry in based on consideration of defects of traditional eloquence. In the detailed approach, the views of formalists on establishment of unity in language via reduction and addition of a number of norms seem inefficient in identification of defects of eloquence. Based on the analysis of this topic, it was concluded that in the formalist approach and in dealing with modern poetry, the cases taken into consideration as the defects of poetry actually distinguish literary language from ordinary language and ultimately lead to creation of poems.

In Farsi literature and historical and legendary text, there are three prominent characters who maintain numerous similarities in regard to their action, lifestyle, and behavior. Keykhosrow, Cyrus, and Zul Qarnain are three characters which have been studied by several sources. Although a number of researches have been carried out for comparison of Cyrus and Keykhosrow and/or Cyrus and Zul Qarnain, no independent study has been conducted on the resemblances of these three. In this article, the authors via study of books, documents, and revision of nearly 77 historical works and commentaries intends to manifest that these three characters maintain major similarities. Given this fact, this article intends to elaborate on the lives of each of them and their commonalties.