نشریه پژوهش های ادبی
پیاپی 51 (بهار 1395)

The main intention of this article is to specify the approaches of the Constitutional Era in dealing with national stories and narrations. The statistical community is limited to authors, who have compiled their works concurrent with the Constitutional Era. Thus, figures such as Aref, Eshqi, and Bahar (Poets), and some others such as Taqizadeh (Who compiled his historical books concurrent with the era of Reza Khan) go beyond the boundaries of this study. The other intellectuals of the Constitutional Era, such as Mirza Habib Isfahani and Zain al-Abidin Maraghei, despite mentioning national narrations and stories within their works; cannot be named among those, who maintained an independent approach because of the minimal extent of their works.Overall, four approaches have been identified in this study which are namely the anti-Arab and dictating approach, fully represented by Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani; the instrumentalist and dictating approach, represented by Akhoundzadeh; the religious approach represented by Talbof; and the degrading approach, represented by Mirza Malkem Khan.Key

In this research, upon the adoption of qualitative descriptive analysis methodology, the religious and political views of the historian Juwayni in his historical book “Tarikh-i Jahangushay” toward Mongols and the then rulers have been studies based on five pivots. According to the view of this study, in the eyes of Juwayni, Genghis Khan and Mongols are the representatives of God on the Planet and their behavior and conduct is continuation of the Prophet’s approach and takes place with the divine instruction. Juwayni claims that the conduct of Genghis Khan is the manifestation of the remarks of the Prophet about the vengeance of God from the sinful Fars ethnicity; and this historian has penned his historical account based on the approach, interpretations, and views of pre-Mongol era, while stating that kings (as in the past) should make utmost efforts to suppress disbelievers such as Qarmatians, and the followers of Isma’ilism and Zindiq.

The meaningful expression of mankind’s relationship with universe is only feasible through the usage of language. Given the paramount importance of language, this especial ability of mankind has captured the attention of philosophers within all philosophical and ideological frameworks. Even those, who have not specifically addressed this especial ability of mankind, have implicitly discussed the nature and function of language. Among Iranian thinkers, although Molana Jalal Ed-Din Mohammad Balkhi is not a philosopher of language, he has expressed major ideas and experiences which relate to language, its means, and limitations. Amid his mystical discussions, this renowned thinker also presents his implicit theories on language, which are comparable to the views of contemporary thinkers in the domain of philosophy of language. In Islamic culture, Molavi maintains a unique reputation in philosophical outlook toward language. His innovative, unexpected, and astounding views should most probably be rooted in the thoughts of sources such as Akhvan al-Safa, Ismailia. As long as the possibility of receipt of these ideas from the said sources has not been precisely proved, we should consider all of these ideas as the products of his personal understandings. Molana, while believing in the Real Order and The Symbolic Order, realized the inadequacy of language in elaboration of The Real Order, prior to Western thinkers. Although Molana accepts the power and dominance of language over mankind and considers exit from language as impossible, he flees the power of language upon immersion in subconscious world; and experiences the possibility of expression without the usage of language within this realm.

This article, upon adoption of an approach based on theories of Hermeneutics and Narratology of Paul Ricoeur, and upon emphasis on the factor of action in fiction and historical texts, intends to study the similarities and differences of the historical section of acclaimed Iranian Poet, Ferdowsi’s collection of poems, referred to as Shah-Nameh, with fiction. This is because although the historical part of Shah-Nameh could have been a unique account of historical events; the actions enlisted by Ferdowsi, which have been accounted within a narrative and fictional framework, has turned the historical section of Shah-Nameh into a blend of history, epics, legends, and myths.

This article with a descriptive and comparative methodology, studies the views of Eyn Al-Ghozat Hamedani about the common language. This article shows that Eyn Al-Ghozat throughout his works has focused on the topic of common language. He has expressed his views on the structural aspect of language via adoption of approaches revolving round general linguistics, phenology, phonemics, semantics, and pragamtics, as well as the topics of importance of interdisciplinary sciences of language, including psycholinguistics, sociology of language, and even neurolinguistics.

This article intends to test the efficiency of the model of style analysis in the study of literary dialog within the framework of case studies. To this end, after the preliminary presentation of the topic of research and a brief review of the historical trend of the theory of style in the tradition of functionalist linguistics, this article has briefly introduced the systemic functional linguistic model of language presented by renowned linguist, Michael Halliday, and ultimately the said model has been practically used in the analysis of change of style in the book titled:” The School Principal” authored by Jalal Al-e-Ahmad. Findings show that Al-e-Ahmad, throughout this novel, in line with change of situations, and change of participants in verbal accounts, and in accordance with the type of relationship of the characters’ roles with each other, changes the style and context, while blending the linguistic and paralinguistic elements of the three factors of style, namely the scope, the manner, and the terms of dialog, to fulfill the three factors of the semantic layer of language.