نشریه پژوهش های ادبی
پیاپی 42 (زمستان 1392)

Georgians have long been interested in the ethical values and culture of Shahnameh, the collection of poems of the renowned Iranian poet, Ferdowsi. And therefore they have enthusiastically turned toward translation and narration of this masterpiece and its related stories.Based on historical trend, it can be said that this masterpiece has been translated into Georgian language in three periods of time. For the first time, this collection of poems was translated in 12th Century AD; while the related translations are currently not at hand. The second phase covers 15th Century AD to 18th Century AD; the translations and narrations of which currently exist in the form of verse and prose. The third period of time starts from the 20th Century AD to this date.Meanwhile, the current research covers the studies carried out on Shahnameh by the Georgians, and the highlighted presence of this masterpiece in the culture and literature of Georgia.The influence of Shahnameh in formation of Georgian tales and epics has always been confirmed and emphasized. According to historical reports, meetings and gatherings were also held in Georgia to study and read this masterpiece. The common culture of Georgia is full of adages, poems, and ethical advices which have been cited from Rostam, the main hero of Shahnameh. Moreover, the Georgian anecdotes are a reminder of the full-scale influence of this collection of poems on the Georgian culture and literature.As of the waning years of 19th Century AD to this date, paramount importance has been attached to the activities of Georgian researchers, who studied Shahnameh. This masterpiece continues to hold an especial status among Georgians.

Although narrations have been at the center of attention for a long while, precise discussions in this regard were presented as of the waning years of 20th Century. One of these discussions is the Structural Movement which studies the status of narrator in the narration and the relationship between watching and speaking in narrations. One of the most prominent theorists in this field is Gerard Genette.Meanwhile, parts of Holy Quran state narrations with a unique artistic form, which maintain a wide-scale anecdotal-literary capacity for psychological studies. Hence, in this research, the narration of Joseph has been analyzed and studied based on Genette’s theory. Although this narration has been stated in Holy Quran based on educational and guidance goals, all the factors considered by Genette such as diversity in the Structural approaches, diversity in expression and reconsideration of actions; and usage of different structural approaches are evident in this narration.

Harold Bloom, in his most important work: “The Anxiety of Influence”, emphasizes on the dialectic and confrontational relations between contemporary and past poets. Based on Bloom’s theory, there has always been a tense relationship between these two groups of poets. This relationship in majority of cases has not been sympathetic and has been revolved round the power of poetical influence. Through these relations, the contemporary poets create new works by the misprision of the literary works of previous generation of poets. Bloom has named Clinamen process as an approach for misprision. This approach is a type of misrepresentation which belittles the poetic ability of the past poets. To elaborate his theory, Bloom makes use of Freud’s theory, Oedipus Complex, pointing out that the contemporary poets negate past poets in order to overcome them. Bloom’s theory can up to a large extent detail the confrontations which had surfaced among the intellectuals and poets as of the Constitutional Movement era on the literary domination of the renowned poet, Sa’adi. The critical viewpoint of contemporary poet, Nima, on the works of the classical Iranian poet, Sa’adi, is an example of misprision which Bloom presents, as a means to get rid of the absolute influence and domination of Sa’adi on the public opinion of that period of time. The criticisms leveled by Nima on the works of Sa’adi, irrespective of their correctness or incorrectness, mainly aim to undercut the literary power of Sa’adi, who had turned into the symbol of traditional world and literature. Nima criticizes the poems of Sa’adi for their shallow romantic sentiments and hollow mysticism. These criticisms, even in case of correctness, are not just attributed to Sa’adi’s poems and include the majority of works of classical poets. Nima, under the cover of these criticisms, battles with the symbol of classical poets, to facilitate the establishment of his new literary system, based on Bloom’s theory, via undermining the credibility of classical poets.

Study of the role and presence of women in the stories and poems penned by male authors and poets; and the status of men in the works of female authors and poets is a topic of importance which can be carried out.This research studies the outlook toward women in the works of a male author, and the outlook of a female poet toward men in her verse, while also investigating the impact of their perspective toward the opposite sex in their real lives. The question is whether presence of women in the works of men and vice versa has been highlighted, influential and constructive, or has been marginalized and faded. To this end, two contemporary literary figures, Sadeq Hedayat and Forouq Farokhzaad have been chosen to study their viewpoint toward the opposite sex in their works. The outcome of survey shows both of these two literary figures didn’t maintain a positive outlook toward the opposite sex, which in turn led to their pessimism and solitude in real life.

The novel Beevatan (Homeless) penned by Reza Amirkhani, is a Farsi modernist and semi post-modern novel, in which the author intends to manifest the identity of modern man in the contemporary era of Iran. Given the humanistic identity of the novel and major factors such as the style of this writing, its characters, and terms of development of dialogue in the contemporary stories and their related ratings; this article intends to carry out a psychological analysis of the main characters of this novel via a descriptive and analytical approach and reliance upon the theoretical framework of the quality of self-awareness. The results of this study shows the character of Armia as a searcher, who can be identified with an individual who faces a dilemma and is caught up between tradition and modernism. This character in her efforts to remove doubts or to discover her inner self could also be categorized under the model of an orphan. Meanwhile, Armita is an epitome of innocent. Among the less important characters, Susi is the manifestation of an orphan, who has been dragged toward commitment of suicide due to her deep sense of despair and lack of any supporter, who would end her solitude.

The well-known book “Kellileh and Demneh” is a political text, whose literary language and ethical background prevents the reader from clearly understanding the power struggle. One of these stories is the tale of lion and cow, whose adages and ethical background has led to the cover up of power struggle between the two factions (One being the defender of concept of justice in line with the patriotic political ideology, and the other being the supporter of individualism). The logic of political dialogue under the viewpoint, dominating the text, has been misrepresented. The outcome of such an outlook is a negative portrayal of the belief and characteristics of one of the parties to the power struggle, who cannot tolerate the current order that is based on the hereditary hierarchy, and who is ultimately victimized by the overall outlook governing the text. Given that the power struggle is a type of spatial position which regulates the distance between hostile parties in different shapes and forms; in this writing the approaches for misrepresentation of power struggle embedded in the story of lion and cow have been detailed and analyzed based on spatial reasoning. The method of research is based on the quality of narration of the narrator, and characters of the tale as the participants in the dialogue