نشریه جغرافیای اجتماعی شهری
پیاپی 14 (بهار و تابستان 1398)

Sprawl is the result of rapid population growth and sprawling expansion in the periphery of the city and has a direct impact on the spatial development of cities, which has become a major challenge in the world in recent years. In the same vein, this research aims to explain the dispersed urban space and its environmental impacts in Qaemshahr

The present study aims to describe descriptive-analytic methods to explain the spatial effects of Ghaemshahr on urban areas using Landsat multistory satellite imagery. The required information was collected through library and field studies from the scope of the study. Land use was adapted from the fuzzy supervised classification based on the severity of the stress, and the geographic information system and model Holdren were used to measure the scattered forms.

The results of the model Holdren indicate that the agent has the greatest impact in 22 years, the sprawl of the city with different patterns and, as a result of the growth of orchard land use by 43 percent is most predictions made based on cells automatically land area made It will reach 8833 hectares by 1402. The results of the GIS shows that sprawl space in this period forms such as linear growth pattern, individual pattern, the pattern of growth, expansion, intensification cluster pattern that adverse environmental consequences associated with.

Therefore, what emerges from this study is the development of spatial urban sprawl, which has devastating effects on the environment and land-friendly agricultural lands of the perimeter of the periphery and the form of space in the city. In order to achieve a sustainable urban form, the compact city growth model is proposed as the future development of Qaemshahr.

Although a lot of research has been done on the smart city, in the world and even in Iran, urban smart-making projects still remain ineffective in some of these countries, including Iran. When these definitions are placed in a single reagent container, there are gaps in them. Because these definitions and vacuum reviews are the theoretical basis for many of the operational tasks in the intelligence of Third World cities, they themselves are the cause of many of the sterilization of these projects.

This research is a forward-looking development based on library-documentary research and survey (questionnaire). Its findings are divided into two parts: review and analytical - descriptive.

In Iran, one of the problems of urban smart-making is the lack of process and non-systematic action in the direction of intelligence. In this research, from the experts' point of view, none of the requirements of the top ten key processes in smart management of Kerman city has been considered. Processes that provide systematic assurance of the implementation of global smart-making projects.

Therefore, Urban management in Kerman is required to accelerate the development of intelligence by inviting specialists in public and private sectors to process processes in the direction of their intelligence actions. Considering the main functional roles of the city in providing its smart-making management processes will be very effective, which also requires more in-depth studies.

One of the most important factors for sustainable development in the Declaration of Agenda is the twenty-one reduction in urban inequality. Therefore, the necessity of recognizing the current status of the indicators of spatial justice and evaluating urban spaces for any physical, economic, and social planning is desirable in order to desirability is inevitable.

The method of this research is descriptive-analytical with the nature of the developmental application that uses spatial-urban planning techniques to identify aspects of spatial-spatial inequalities in the regions of Gorgan. The aim of this study was to analyze and evaluate the spatial distribution of components and indicators of services and facilities within the city to prioritize and enjoy the levels of urban areas of Gorgan. For analysis of urban services data, TOPSIS, Concurrency and Multi-Criterion Optimization (VIKOR), Simple Weighted Weights (SAW) solutions in the Excel spreadsheet software environment, and to achieve one the single result is used in the integration technique.

The results of the Topsis technique show that Zone 2 of Zone 2 with the development coefficient (0.5057) ranked first and as the area with Zone 2 and Zone 1 with the development coefficient (0.04117) the last rank Has it These conditions are also apparent for the viqueur technique, so that zone 2 is the most favored region of the 2 with the viquo coefficient (0), and region 2 is the most deprived of the area 1 with the viquo coefficient (1).

The integration technique also shows that zones 1 and 2 of area 2 have zones 1 and 2 of the semi-arid zone 3, area 3 of area 3 is low and areas 1, 2 of area 1 and area 3 of area 2 are excluded.

Urban parks are part of public infrastructure which has useful functions for city environment, such as improvement of air quality, exercise recreational activity, emotional stability of citizens and improvement in quality of urban life. But existing conflicts and inequality of distribution of such functions are among most important and basic challenges in the field of urban space equity. The aim of this research is to analyze the spatial division of Bonab city parks, with the approach of space equity..

The type of research is operational and considering the nature of the subject, the research method is analytical-expository. The data assessment process is a combination of documentary and survey; so that the composition of abstract frame and extraction of index, a revision on former researches and data of “Statistical Center of Iran” was made. Also to adjust the data and index used in the research with the existing facts the survey method was used..

To process the data the average index of the nearest neighbor and the web analysis of a combination of spatial GIS abilities was utilized. The results showed clustered spatial distribution of parks, which means a well-designed park allocation in central and north-eastern parts of the city and not a suitable distribution in other parts of the city. In addition, the allocation was agreeable to the population density of different parts of the city, but the distribution in suburban parts is not at all ideal. Conclusion So the space equity is not considered and regarded in city of Bonab.

The city of Kerman has seen many developments over the past decades. These developments include: physical development, urban population growth, inertial migration, marginalization and horizontal expansion of the city while maintaining the administrative, economic and cultural center of the South East, but building infrastructure, especially in the urban transport sector, in proportion to this developments have not been made. The present study, with the understanding of the importance of the subject and considering the position of Kerman city and the lack of coherent studies in this regard, it has been tried to investigate and analyze the dispersion of accidents in the city of Kerman by using GIS technology and fuzzy model and prioritize the accidental areas using the strategic planning to organize incidental urban areas.

The type of research is operational and considering the nature of the subject, the research method is analytical-expository. The data assessment process is a combination of documentary and survey. Experts opinions  and studies survey, show that in addition to cultural issues, the top ten factors affecting the rate of accidents, population density, density of accidents, density of service centers and passageways play the most role in the amount of accidents.

Based on the combination of effective factors and fuzzy method, three areas of Azadi Square, Khoyane Motahari and jihad are the most susceptible to intractable accidents, respectively. According to traffic flow projects in Azadi Square, Motahari Avenue (Motahari Park) has three ways Taleghani was designed to organize using strategic planning.

The main purpose of this study was to emphasize the total number of accidents in order to describe accident locations and create a model based on the severity and variety of accidents. Conclusions show that central areas of the city, especially Azadi Square, Motahari Street, and Jihad Boulevard, were the most at risk of urban accidents.

It is important to know and analyze the space via goals and processes which have consolidated it. These goals and processes are provided and implemented by existing structures, rules and institutions which have so many effects on creating injustice. Among these issues, policymaking plays an important and powerful role in space producing and creating justice or injustice.  So, spatial justice is a conceptual tool which can review and analyze dynamism, processes and tools of urban space production to reach just city. Furthermore, the main goal of this research is to analyze the content of urban management policymaking based on criterion of spatial justice discourse.

Since the comprehensive plan of Tehran city is the main document in the field of urban Policymaking,in this paper, it is selected as a well-known example of policymaking documents and interesting principles and components related to spatial justice discourse has been extracted and analyzed from use of qualitative method and theme analysis.

Research findings show that this document has been paid attention more to negation of marginalization, inclusion, equity of opportunity and participation. The obtained evidence is induced by less attention to existing principles and components about diversity, transparency and consensus criteria in these criterions. According to deference and liberty criterion, this document has remained at some general ideas which don’t have any specified proposed policy.

Researchresults show that some context and dimensions of spatial justice have been paid attention on document of urban management policymaking in Tehran which explains the relative existence of “justice of spatiality” in urban management policymaking.

Analysis of cognition, assessment, planning, management and decision making in the field of public urban space, especially in prioritizing the elements of urban identity based on public participation strategies and experts in urban development and modern technologies based on a large combination of methods. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to use the comprehensive convergence in decision making and assessment of the priorities of the identity element of borujerd city using multi-criteria decision making models.

According to the characteristics of the network analysis process model (ANP) and features of borujerd city, the data and initial information were classified and this means the ANP model was prepared. The ANP model was developed based on the public spaces of borujerd city, including 3 clusters (criteria / groups) and 19 options (ninety / subset) using Super Decisions software.

The results of the research show that the highest and highest priority of attention to the elements of identity in borujerd city is related to "nodes in clusters (seven criteria / group) and based on the location (evaluation of 9 locations and spaces of borujerd city) related to nodes "Chugha Hill" , "Goldschat", "Borujerd Mosque", and "Market" with a typical score of 0.587, (0.520), (0.430) and (0.201).

.The highest coefficient of importance in evaluating the elements of identity in borujerd city was the elemental index and the city's city index related to the identity node with natural score (0.479), physical and visual access with natural score (0.366) and readability and meanings With a simple score (298/0), priority was given to assessing the identity elements of the borujerd district.

A resilience to the new approach is to assess and improve the capacity and permanence of the foundations of development in cities. Explaining and identifying its effective and promising components can be the basis for many crisis management and non-operating city defense programs that are very necessary in light of the complexities of today's threats.

the present paper is aimed at applying and descriptive-analytical methodology in order to identify and analyze the explanatory predictors of urban resilience in Mashhad's metropolis. The purpose of documentary and Delphi method was used to identify the conceptual features explaining the main proponents of the resilience. The sample population of experts and experts involved in the topic of research in two parts is 15 people to implement a targeted Delphi technique and 50 people to evaluate the contributing drivers. The data analysis is based on the AMOS Structural Equation Modeling.

The results show that, firstly, the analysis of conceptual indicators using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the six main explanatory drivers was as economic resilience with coefficient of reliability of 0.78, social resilience with coefficient of reliability of 0.76, Physical aberration with a coefficient of reliability of 0.72; institutional-managerial resilience with 0.73 coefficient of reliability and infrastructure resilience with a coefficient of 0.82 identified; and secondly, analysis of the structure of the communicators of the propulsors identified using a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that the identified propellants have a significant structural relationship to explain the fluctuation in the metropolis of Mashhad.

In occurring of accidents, set of factors have main role and between them, human factors role are deterministic, so we must be prioritized training principles in reduction and preventive plans.

Expansion without the urban plan of the city and its integration with villages and urban settlements in developing countries, including Iran, is unavoidable. It can be said that one of the most important factors in the dispersed growth of the city of Kerman has been changes without land use planning. Hence, predicting these changes can play a significant role in future management decisions and future plans of the city.

Considering the high performance of the CA-Markov model in predicting land use changes, in this study, this model was designed with the aim of predicting the development trend and land use changes in the year 1406 horizons. From satellite images of the years 1368, 1379, 1387 and 1396 To predict and detect changes.

The results show that in the prediction map of 1406, the area of ​​the three classes, the lands constructed 10273 hectares, the land of 1229 hectares and the vegetation of 9983 hectares will be. Also, the map shows that the area of ​​dry land classes and vegetation decreased by 118 and 219 hectares, respectively. Also, the class of lands constructed from the base year (1396) did not change significantly.

Considering the high efficiency of this model in forecasting land use changes, its results can be used in future planning and decision making in Kerman.

Over the past few decades, the increase of world’s urban population has resulted in uncontrolled urban expansions. Accordingly, determining urban development and sprawl should be taken into consideration.

This article aims at measuring the level of urban sprawl of the city of Kerman using remote sensing data from period of 1352 to 1397. For this purpose, 10 remotely sensed images were selected with an acquisition date interval of 5 years and the pre-processing, proccessing and classification methods were applied to the RS images using ENVI software. Afterwards, for different periods, built-up areas were extracted and assessed by these three indices: “Degree-of-freedom”, “Degree-of-sprawl” and “Degree-of-goodness”. For better interpretation, the city was divided into 8 triangles with same area in line with 8 geographic directions.

The findings show that during 1392-1397, Kerman had the most growth of built-up areas while during 1372-1377 this growth had the minimum extent. Moreover, during these 45 years, the most growth of built-up areas were accrued at the western zone of the city while northern zone had the minimum growth. Nevertheless, as the matter of fact, during 1387-1392, the city had the most sprawl expansion, while during 1352-1355, it had the minimum extent. Furthermore, during these 45 years, the most sprawl expansion were accrued at the eastern zone of the city while northeastern zone had the minimum sprawl expansion.

Broadly speaking, intensity of urban sprawl in the city of Kerman is explicit and indices of this study demonstrate it accurately.

The horizontal expansion of cities in the country over the past few decades has been challenged by the destruction of a large area of agricultural land and natural capital of cities to achieve a sustainable form of urban development. The infill development theory, which is the ten principles of smart growth, is consistent with the goals of development. According to this approach, inefficient and inefficient lands are recognized as a mechanism for realizing the infill development policies of the city. Therefore, if it occurs in a dispersed biological environment, that is, an excess of physical, residential, occupied or suburban needs, it can be concluded that in the city spaces are abandoned, abandoned and inefficient. Planning to use these components is important.

.spaces are abandoned, abandoned and inefficient. Planning to use these components is important. In this research, the study of the status of urban areas of Shahin-Shahr in terms of development, with emphasis on housing characteristics and related indicators, is the level of enjoyment. In order to investigate the relationship between variables, AMOS software and structural equation analysis

were used to show that urban development plans and future housing in all aspects of environmental, economic, social, physical, except factor access The main development is the city's physical form. Then we used the Antropi and VIKOR techniques for weighing and ranking the areas.

The results of the technique showed that the urban areas were ranked in the first rank according to the research indicators and in terms of infill development, Ferdosi district and Goldis child district.

The square distribution of services and sources among the different areas of city and the  citizens' equal access to these services is the synonym of sicial justice, due to the fact that the unfair access to the sources would cause the sicial crisis and complex spatial problems, and also the justly appropriate distribution would lead to the balanced development of urban areas. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the coordination level of population and urban services in different areas of Ilam city and to present the optimal solutions in order to reach to a balanced services distribution at the city level for all citizens to use the urban services.

The present study is based on the analytic_descriptive methododology with the practical purpose. Spss and factor and cluster analysis have been used to survey the urban services distribution in Ilam.

The results of the study indicate that among the three indicators of urban services and among the neighborhoods of Ilam, the physical index circumstances are in a better position than other indicators. The economical index is in a mild optimal position. On the other hand, based on the two comparative analysis methods (factor, cluster), it is concluded that the central area is in the best position, and the area of Shadabad in in a mild position, while other areas like Janbazan, Chalimar, Norouzabad, Azadegan, Razmandegan, and Banbarz are in an inappropriate situation

The situation arose due to problems such as: lack of continuous management (during the 21 years 13 mayor has changed); weakness in the formulation and implementation of laws; maladministration and inconsistency between the urban management systems and the lack of integrated vision; the volatility of municipality revenues; overcoming the look Tribal citizenship look; undesirable dispersion of congestion; per capita consumption of recreational amenities.

Promotion of villages to cities at the center of the settlement of nomads and villagers have shaped a particular type of city in contemporary Iran. These cities have become the destination for nomadic and rural migration from the surrounding areas and with features such as rapid population growth, the weakness of political culture and social-spatial segregation, they have been caught up in a cycle of inefficiencies in urban management. Accordingly, the main purpose of the present paper is the pathology of urban management in the ethnic city.

Current paper is analytical–descriptive according to nature. Requirement data and information were gathered by documentary and field methods. The population of the study consisted of citizens of Nourabad city and urban planners and specialists including municipality staffs, mayors and counselors of Nourabad municipality. According to Cochran''''s formula and financial and time constraints of the research, the sample size of the study consisted of 200 citizens and 60 urban management experts in the city of Nourabad.

The results of T-test indicate that, in terms of local residents, two factors of ethnicity and religious affiliation are significantly the most important factors affecting the way citizens choose the council members. In addition, according to respondents, lobbying and ethnicity were the most important measures in selecting the mayors. Citizens'''' satisfaction with the performance of Islamic councils in Nourabad city was at a low level and more than 68% of respondents expressed their dissatisfaction with the performance of the councils. The analysis of the opinions of mayors, counselors and employees of the municipality indicates that members of the city council interfere in the municipal administration in various ways, such as installing and disposing of personnel, interfering in the choice of the contractor, directing development projects to particular parts of the city.

In a feedback process, the council derived from the socio-spatial structure based on ethnicity has led to the choice of the mayor on the basis of individual and ethnic interests and thereby, through interference with the municipal administration, has provided the ground for the inefficiency of urban management.

Today, spatial analysis techniques in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used in many researches in the social, economic, environmental and physical sciences. The ability to integrated levels analysis and the possibility of combining different layers of information is the advantages of using these techniques. The purpose of this research is to spatial analysis of the physical development planning pattern in cities of Markazi province using spatial analysis techniques.

The present paper is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive - analytical in terms of method. In this study, all enactments of Markazi Province infrastructure and urban planning committee between 2011 and 2017 were gathered. In order to analyze the spatial distribution of these enactments in the cities of Markazi province, the geographic information system spatial analysis has been used. In this research, three methods of Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN), High/Low Clustering (HLC) and Spatial Autocorrelation (SA) in statistical spatial analysis and Kernel Density (KD) estimation method were used to spatial show of the phenomena in continuous levels.

The results of this study indicate that the distribution of enactments at the provincial level has been clustered, which has led to the polarization pattern of the populous cities. Consequently, there has been a spatial focus and an increase in regional imbalances.

Ignoring regional capacity and the role of environmental factors in the planning is one of the most prominent results of spatial analysis of the enactments of Markazi Province infrastructure and urban planning committee in the current decade. Therefore, by creating a geospatial database at the provincial level and updating and monitoring it continuously and analyzing the development policies in the cities level appropriate to regional and ecological capability, one can step towards sustainable regional development.