نشریه پژوهش های ادبی
پیاپی 63 (بهار 1398)

“Dash Akol” is one of the most important fictions in Persian literature. This short story is different from other fictions of Sadegh Hedayat. Sacrifice and “gheyrat” are important concepts in this fiction and this is questionable. The hypothesis of this article was that, unlike popular belief, “Dash Akol” is not entirely realistic but it`s a semi-Modernist short story because of central subjectivity of Akol. In other words, characterization in the second part of this story is Modernist. A Modern subject has three features and all of them are observable in the main character of “Dash Akol”: 1) Consciousness 2) Agency 3) Personhood. Akol have some secondary features too: 1) Overthinking 2) Attention to the unconsciousness 3) Solitude 4) Thinking about death. This short story is written in a period of contemporary Persian fiction that Modernist literature arose and this story has shown the evolution of contemporary Persian fiction.

There is a twofold relationship between the literature and language learning. On one hand, one of the ultimate goals of language teaching is enabling learners to comprehend a literary text independently. On the other hand, literature is a means of teaching languages and improving linguistic skills.  This aspect of language teaching has attracted a scant attention in Iran, which motivated the current study to address this issue. In this regard, 13 literary approaches to language teaching were collected from reliable sources and then theoretical aspect of each approach was elaborated and analyzed using relevant examples from Novin Persian Teaching book series (one of the main sources of teaching Persian language to non-Persian speakers in reliable language centers). The obtained results of the current study were indicative of the influential role of literature in teaching Persian language, which can open new horizon in this regard.

The study of differences and similarities of a single story in two different media is a kind of inter-media study which can be defined under the modern comparative literature. If this comparison is done between a written story and an adapted movie, it will be considered as an adapted study. These studies can be divided into two types: traditional and modern. In traditional studies, critics compare a story theme in two media; however, in modern studies, the emphasis is on the nature of medium and its impact on the way of narration.
This research is an attempt to study the written story of Gavkhooni and the movie adapted based on it. The research question is which factors cause the writer’s and director’s method of expression will be similar or different. The research was restricted by selecting a structural element that is personality. The two core discussions of the research are the possibility of changing a written text into a cinematic one, and director’s creativity in using the signs of the guest media. The research concluded that sometimes the thematic (and less, literary) capacity of a text and the adaptor’s creativity (the cinematic aspect) have simultaneous roles (both influence and being influenced) in changing a literary text into a cinematic one. Of course, this does not mean to compliment or confirm a work but it is just a study of the kind of interaction existed between the two texts.

Cognitive linguistics refers to the relation between language, mind, and physical-social experiences of man, and as a meaningful approach, includes a set of theories that categorize conceptual metaphors and image schemas of important. In the present study, which is an interdisciplinary attempt in the fields of literature and cognitive linguistics, metaphorical and schematic constructs are analyzed in the works of Rumi, especially in Shams' Masnavi and Ghazialat, based on the concept of death. Since the goal of most of the studies conducted in this context is to limit the metaphor in its traditional sense, this study, based on new findings of cognitive semantics, analyzes conceptual metaphors and schemas in Rumi's works and considers metaphors not only as literary arrays, but also as the key to understanding the mind and the fields of poet's thinking in language.The findings of this study, based on Lakoff   and Kövecses, indicate that the metaphor of death and destruction in the Mowlana mental imagery follows a model and objective concept that, from a cognitive linguistic perspective, is the same conceptual matching and mapping between the two domains of origin and destination Is. This makes the abstract concept of death in the minds of Mowlana as concrete and tangible phenomena, each representing a kind of visual schema that determines the poet's thinking and experience of the eternal conception of eternity.

Oal”[1] is a short story that is written by “Mohammad bahmanbeigi” the greatest novelist of “Qashqai” tribe. This short story represents a portion of tribal culture that is concerning the kind of perspective to women. In this written work be investigate and research the state of perception to women and feminist manifestations and specific aspects of feminism in the above-mentioned work (Oal) and consequently exhibits the profound understanding of this novelist to basic values of mothers in the trible league and women’s social innocence and submissiveness that been caused by various causes and peculiar conditions in tribal lifestyle. Bahmanbaigi uses the description procedar of tribal league and realistic description of life to make bluging of women’s unendurable constraints and difficults. His intentional emphasis on the propositions of patriarchy and subaltern and its causes, including the ignorance and superstition, become inclined occasionally to a vitriolic satire that convinces readers to the harsh criticism of women’s worring and bad status. According to this short story can be construe the most important story of Bahmanbeigi and consequently this is the height of feminism in the tribe stories.

Defamiliarization is a literary theory that has been raised up by victor shklovsky for the first time. It is any kind of effort and device for avoiding repetition and habit in the language that  is accompanied by foregrounding and deviation from the norm. this theory would keep on later with some other formalists like romani Jacobson and yuri tynyanov. But unlike shklovsky, they believed that literary devices would get familiar and cliché after some whiles, so it is important for those devices to be defamiliarized to be able to play their previous and primitive role. On the contrary of formalits view, geoffrey n. leech, the great linguistic said that defamiliarization is not happened just in lexical level but it happens in semantic level too. This kind happens in metonymy, simile, sarcasm, synaesthesia, metaphor and personification. Tāleb āmoli is one of the greatest hindi style poets that used a lot of defamiliarization and deviating from the norm in his sonnets and metaphors and he himself is proud of this affair in his poems. We are going to study and analyze lexical and semantic deviation from the norm in simile, metaphor specially personification. Meanwhile the frequency of the whole metaphors is shown in a diagram.