نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 44 (امرداد 1398)

Applying promotion and protection measures to foreign investors requires an in depth understanding of the concept. One of the particular privileges is the right to have an access to the ICISID Arbitration Center in which entitles an investor to bring a claim against the host state. In order to avoiding of the treaty shopping and other fraudulent actions, it is fundamentally necessary to recognize the investors based on a real criteria. The main question is on what basis we should define a foreign investor. Residential factor alongside with nationality for natural persons and the place of control for legal entities should be considered. Regards to "Foreign Investors Promotion and Protection act 2002 (FIPPA)" it also should be noted that the criterion of the foreign origin of the capital cannot be effective anymore. In harmony with international investment law, there should be another criterion instead of considering just foreign origin of the capital in attempt to make an obstacle for Iranian nationals who take the advantage of this act by using a fake foreign nationality and flowing a capital with an internal origin, and also, it seems to be advantageous to achieve a unification in definition of investors in FIPPA act and other bilateral investment treaties.

Nowadays, the role of culture in international relations is more evident, so that the structure of international relations cannot be examined and analyzed fully and comprehensively without considering the role of culture in the structure of foreign policy of governments and cultural diversity among different nations. Currently, international scholars believe in the diversity of cultures in this field, and thus, the coexistence of different cultures alongside each other. In fact, this cultural diversity leads to the emergence of different categories among countries or it may cause conflicts and, in more severe cases, wars among different countries. Considering the growing role of the culture in domestic politics and, consequently, its inevitable effects on the foreign policy structure of countries, many governments are regulating their relations with other countries based on cultural factors. According to the structuralism theory, cultural debate is considered important in the sense that if - given the cultural diversity of the world - we ignore the role of culture, then we should witness the chaos that affects international relations. The result shows that taking the culture into account, on one hand leads to better relations and interactions among countries, and on the other hand, sometimes causes confrontation and tensions in relations between states and countries.

Since the eighteenth century, we have witnessed the presentation of the constructive views of the legal scholars on the principles governing the crimes and punishments and the criminal liability of offenders. Scientists such as Cesare Beccaria have criticized existing legal institutions and denounced the ruling criminal system of that age, to the extent that by publishing their works, they have made a huge transformation in the legal system of European law at those days. This period coincided with the beginning of the era of technology and the emergence of the machinism phenomenon, which itself expanded the range of crimes, especially unintentional crimes, so that the security of the people was greatly endangered. A look at the statistics of the crimes and losses that come to the manufactories, hospitals and factories shows what today's powerful human being faces. This is a topic to be considered carefully, and one should prevent the occurrence of accidents and damages that are mainly due to the machinism phenomenon by introducing special regulations and fore-sighting the necessary enforcement guarantees. One of these enforcement guarantees is the principle of “criminal liability for another person's actions“. In the other words, is it possible to hold the person who is allegedly not involved in the commission of a crime (not as a steward or as a partner) for the criminal act committed by another person? According to the principle that has existed for a long time and has been endorsed by various religions (that is, the principle of the personal character of the responsibilities and punishments), everyone is responsible for his/her own actions, and no one can be punished due to the acts of other persons. But today, this general principle has an exception: the criminal liability for another person's actions. In means that in some cases, a person who has been involved in committing a criminal act can be punished instead of the offender for some reasons.

Foreign and second language teaching is a multi-dimensional process every dimension of which plays a key role in its correct implementation. Definitely, lack of or excessive attention to every dimension affects the whole quality of an educational program. Though teaching methods have been codified and written since hundred years ago, the experts in this field have never been able to introduce a method as the best. All these methods focused on the same issues including teaching skills, classroom management, the manner of content presentation, etc. Until now, few studies have been conducted on learning styles of language learners, and how they acquire, retain, and retrieve information. The participants of this study were 50 undergraduate and postgraduate students whose mother tongue was Arabic and who were studying at beginner, intermediate and advanced levels of Persian language. Based on MBTI questionnaire and according to the definitions of learning styles, a questionnaire was designed and delivered to the learners. The characteristics of learners’ learning styles were analyzed based on their answers. Finally, it was demonstrated that through which style Persian Language Learners receive, classify, and retrieve the course contents. Definitely, this questionnaire can also be designed based on the characteristics of other non-Arabic language learners.

One of the most important factors affecting people's satisfaction of quality of life is the level of social capital, which in general has not received much attention. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of social capital in promoting the quality of life of citizens in Jahrom city. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the purpose of the research is applied. Library and field studies (questionnaire, interview, and observation) have been used to collect the required information and data. The components of social capital in this research are participation, awareness and trust. Likert spectrum was used to measure the variables. The statistical population of the study consists of 141000 people living in Jahrom city (based on the latest census of population and housing in Iran in 2016). The sample size was calculated based on the Cochran formula as follows: 350 citizens of Jahrom (distributed randomly) and 30 managers and experts in the field of related subject studies. Data analysis was done in SPSS software using Mann-Whitney and Spearman methods. The findings of the research show that there is a significant relationship between “social awareness, social trust and social participation” and organizational commitment at a level below p<0.05. There is also a positive and significant relationship between the social capital and quality of life of the citizens of Jahrom, with a low correlation coefficient. At the end of the research, suggestions and recommendations are presented in accordance with the research findings.

The Shahnameh is a clear mirror of the principles, customs, ideas and thoughts – in another word, a comprehensive set - of all the civic, moral, and cultural traits of the ancient Persia. This magnificent work, giving a logic to stories and anecdotes, gives its characters and actors a new spirit. Therefore, it should be said that the woman in the Shahnameh is a mixture of wisdom, chastity and beauty. These three qualities distinguish the women in the Shahnameh from all the epic women, and Ferdowsi praises these features throughout his work. Women of the Shahnameh - except for those women called “shadow women” who do not have much effect on the story - affect the politics and the society and other aspects of life, and even reach the Kingdom degree. This work, which reflects the realities and oppositions of the cultures of the various communities and territories of that time, can play a very important role in the beliefs and cultural background of the current generation. The Shahnameh, by expressing women's advantages in his literature, has tried to publish the most solid belief and image of the Iranian women's appearance. Due to the importance of women and their role in the Iranian society and literature, and based on research on social roles, it can be admitted that the woman in Shahnameh has an honorable social status and identity, and the woman character is considered as a social pious examplar.

The non-suspendable rights, as basic rights, are one of the fundamental and accepted elements of the responsibility of governments in the human rights law. This right means the arbitrary restriction of power, preserving the fundamental freedoms in order to maintain international peace and security in accordance with internationally approved regulations. In the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, although there is no separation under the title of non-suspendable and suspendable rights, some of the non-suspendable rights have been identified naturally, including the right to life and the prohibition of torture. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to observe and incorporate these rights and their consequences in the society, and in the face of these rights, the governments must always respect them in all circumstances. With a focus on the library as well as the domestic law and reference to human rights documents, the present study has taken a step toward providing solutions to ensure the observance of basic human rights norms.