نشریه پژوهش های ادبی
پیاپی 64 (تابستان 1398)

Allusion is one of the oldest and most used rhetorical figures that enriches the semantic and linguistic beauty of poetry. However, in contemporary literature and poetry, the growth of literary knowledge and the development of literary criticism studies has led to variety and complexity of the use of this literary figure in poetry whose examination and analysis of structural delicacies and their mechanisms require more accurate studies with new approaches. Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate structure of Qur’anic-narrative allusions in poems collection of Shafiee Kadkani in a new approach through descriptive-analytical methods in order to find out based on which form techniques, Shafiee Kadkani has used Qur’an narrations in his poetic allusions and therefore, what types of allusion can be seen in his poems? According to the results, Shafiee Kadkani is a poet who in his narrative- Qur’nic allusions has used different parts of famous and well-known Qur'anic stories innovatively with varied and complicated structural and artistic transgressions which has created different kinds of simile, structural, ironic, multi aspects, combinational, echoic, and Proper naming allusion in his poems.

Meaning-based theory is one of the new approaches to character analysis in narrative. The present article seeks to analyze the character of "Golmohammad" in Kudlar's novel based on this theory. And to answer these questions using a descriptive-analytical approach 1. What are the traits and characteristics of Gul Mohammad according to the components of meaning-based theory? 2. In which textual contexts are these traits represented? The result of the study shows that according to the principles of generalizability The repetition, similarity, contrast, and implication of Mohammad's flower have contradictory traits and characteristics That these traits and characteristics were represented in contextual contexts such as direct description Exterior appearance of personality, action, speech, temporal analogy

The subject of this research was focused on the Critical Discourse Analysis of two satirical works of “Book of poems of Lari Rooster ” by Abolghasem Halat and “The collection of works by Mohammad Ali Afrashteh”, compiled by Nosratollah Noohian, based on Van Leeuwen's model(1996). This research aimed to examine the influence of ruling powers and the ideological processes of the second Pahlavi era on the explicitness (frankness) and obscurity (inexplicitness) of the word in the two works mentioned. In this article, the actors  involved and participating in these satirical lyrics were evaluated based on Van Leeuwen's model components such as exclusion, impersonalization, determination, indetermination, nomination, categorization, association, differentiation, genericization and specification. We chose these works since the views of their satirist authors in the Pahlavi II era emanated from common social and political origins, while at the same time, they had different ideologies and tendencies. Therefore, such various commonalities and differences provide a basis to make comparisons between them. The study results suggested that although both satires are more eager to speak and write in obscurity and vague and classification and depersonalization are highly frequent in their poems, but unlike Abolghasem Halat, Mohammad Ali Afrashteh has enhanced the explicitness and frankness of his words by stating the names of the actors who were in power as well as criticizing the main pillars of power such as the king, royal court, clerics, and the security forces. Due to socialist tendencies, Mohammad Ali Afrashteh has also further used the referential type component to represent masses and people. Abolghasem Halat, with more use of the depersonalization component, namely, pronouns and obscure attributes, has made his word more obscure.

In discussing the emergence of Nimai poetry, there are generally causes and factors such as the  efforts  of  Shams  Kasmayee,  Ja'far  Khamenei,  Abolghasem  Lahouti  and  Taqi  Rafat  in changing   the   poem formatsand   the   acquaintance   of   Nima   with   French   and   his impressionability from western literature. With more accurate research at this area we find out that  although  these  factors  remain  strong,  the  role  of  the  classic  approach  to  classical  poetry, such as the tendency toward multiple poems and innovations within this format, is undeniable. This  descriptive-analytical  paper  shows  that  some  of  the  most  important  features  of  Nimai poetry  have  been  used  before  in  some  constitutional  era.  These  features  include  changing  the length  of  the  lines  and  changing  the  rhyme  position.  Multiple  poems  also  been  a  pioneer  in mixing narrative and dramatic poetry and addressing political and social themes with regard to Nimai poetry.

Paying attention to the mystical views on the universe will lead to a thorough and comprehensive explanation of the mystical insights of these elders. The study of the ontological views of Molana Jalaluddin Mohammad Balkhi also reveals various angles of the mystical insight of this outstanding mystic. Given that the frequency of ontological issues in Rumi's works is very small in comparison to the subjects related to anthropology and theology, it can be said that Molavi's mystical insight relies on the two pillars of humanology and theology. It should also be noted that the type of Rumi's view of ontology is different from the ontological aspects of philosophers and theologians. This article, by analyzing and analyzing the views of the universe of existence and the hierarchy of existence, based on the two works of the spiritual and spiritual Masnavi, in addition to explaining some of Maulana's views on the world, provided the basis for a greater recognition of the mystical insight of this mystic. Slowly