مجله محیط زیست و توسعه فرابخشی
پیاپی 60 (تابستان 1397)

Environmental pollutions and population growth are inevitable difficulties in modern metropolises. Governments and various organizations are trying to control these difficulties, and enacting many policies toward controlling them. Underestimating such difficulties may cause serious social, economical, health and other problems for society. Moving toward sustainability and sustainable development policies are the most acceptable responses to these difficulties that governments use to respond to their own environmental problems. These policies have different structures and are even totally different from each other, but they all have a unique purpose with is reducing environmental difficulties. For instance, improving public transportation services, increasing urban green spaces, improving bicycling culture, changing the plan of city toward population deconcentration and… . In the following research, we are analyzing modern cities difficulties and policies toward a sustainable development. We use international environmental agendas for recognizing environmental difficulties. By analyzing different approaches and policies in every unique context, we try to present a charter for these policies. To this end, specific cities are chosen for the analysis based on different policies. Seoul as a city that succeeded in optimizing urban spaces, Barcelona as a city that exceled in urban transportation, Copenhagen as a city that decreased the usage rate of personal automobiles by the means of improving public transportation and bicycles, Curitiba as a city which reformed the structure of the city to decrease producing pollutions, Vancouver as a city which utilized periodic planning and finally Portland as a city which implemented Spatial (zoning) and development policy based on Urban growth boundaries. Taking into account of all the factors, we understand that all the policies are following a unique purpose which is reducing environmental pollutions by many different methods such as controlling energy use and catharsis policies.

Ecosystem service concept can offer a valuable approach for linking human and nature and analysis for the conservation and restoration plans of natural ecosystems. Despite an increasing consideration in the concept, the practical application of the concept of land use and water resources management has been challenged by the lake of appropriate definitions and methods. In this study with review of existing scientific literature, a conceptual framework has been suggested for assessment and valuation of the services that are relevant to water resources management. In particular, within the framework, it has been described how the linkages between human pressures, ecological status, and ecosystem services delivery can be analyzed in aquatic systems. Also, a list of sustainability and efficiency indicators of the water-related ecosystem services has been provided with an emphasize on the capacity and flow of the services and their social benefits which can be used in the quantification of the services and measurement of their changes. Finally, with a comparison between both approaches of the usually integrated management of water resources and ecosystem management of the watersheds, the urgent need for incorporation of ecosystem services approach in water resource management has been explained as an innovative approach in response to the dominance crisis in water systems such as wetlands.

Ecosystems and their biodiversity provide a stream of essential goods and services, economic prosperity and other aspects of well-being for human life. Many ecosystem services are falling off, which ignoring theme in decision-making and development planning has potential impacts. Therefore, it is vital to ensure that ecosystem services are included in development planning, especially land-use planning. The purpose of this article is introducing methods for integrating ecosystem services in planning. This article is practical-development form and its methodology is descriptive. In this article, we tried to describe the relationship between ecosystem services and land use planning, besides defining theme. Hence, the methods for integrating ecosystem services in land use planning are intrduced, such as; IES, SEA and GI. Subsequently, by presenting case studies in China, Hawaii and the United Kingdom that used ecosystem services in land use planning, the role of integrated ecosystem services in land use planning has been identified. Finally, we tried to extract some principles for integrating ecosystem services into land use planning.

The increasing pollution of urban wastewater into toxic compounds due to industrial development and growth is a threat for environment. Cadmium is a dangerous metal for creatures and is increasing due to the use of industrial wastewater for irrigation in agricultural land. Considering the importance and the high impact of the presence of different types of metal ions in industrial wastewater and the inhibitory effect of the presence of metal anions and cations for effectiveness of biosorbents in cleaning up dangerous metal ions, in this research, the optimal conditions for removal of cadmium ion with the leaves of garlic are investigated and then, removal percentages and equilibrium absorption capacity were studied in the presence of other anions and cations. In each experiment, one of the NO3-, Cu2 +, Zn2 +, Pb2 +, Al3 +, Fe2 + ions was examined. According to results, the presence of nitrate in a solution containing cadmium did not affect the rate of absorption by garlic leaf biomass. Also, copper, lead and iron cations had no effect on the absorption rate but zinc ions increases the rate of absorption of cadmium by garlic leaves and iron ions had a somewhat inhibitory effect on the absorption process but in general effect of the presence of other ions on the absorption and removal of cadmium ions from aqueous solutions was not significant. Therefore results of present experience investigation as an illustration of the fact, in the presence of a variety of metal ions can be generalized and garlic leaves can remove excess heavy metal ions from the wastewater successfully and the presence of other ions in a cadmium-containing solution will not have a significant inhibitory effect.

In this study, the first step the amount of sands and de-icing salts consumed in Karaj passageways, was investigate according to collected data from the Karaj municipal waste management organization. Investigations show that, the amount of 18810 tons of de-icing salts and sand was consumed to de-icing roadways for the period 2015 to 2017. De-icing roadways is done in two ways: manual (83%) and automated (17%), that nonconformity of sand and deicing salts standard ratio and hand salting method have cause many environmental impacts in the Karaj city. Therefore, in this study, the adverse effects of de-icing salting on the roads such as the impact on plants, urban infrastructure (asphalt, curbs, etc.), groundwater and surface water, soil and crops, air pollution, disturbance to citizens and subsequently, strategies for reducing the adverse effects are considered in Karaj city by library studies and searching for related resources on the internet. In fact, de-icing salt spraying to deflate the passageways is considered the latest executive option in advanced countries. Also, urban authorities are trying to minimize the negative impacts of salt spillage, by gradually removing of sodium salt (NaCl) and using new methods such as educating citizens to deal with ice conditions, correct use of anti-icing materials (CaMg4 (COO3CH)), install hot water pipes in pedestrians, drawing a protective silicone layer on pavement. Although these methods are more costeffective, but in the long time, its costs will be negligible compared to the costs of environmental degradation by salt.

One of the methods for assessing the quality of drought habitats and increasing the quality of protection is examination of fauna birds. In this research the monitoring of the Yakhab Wildlife Refuge were took place over a two-year period (2015 to 2017) in 32 field visits, with 4 visits per season. The aim of this research was to investigate the birds fauna, identifying unique regions in the Yakhab wildlife refuge. Due to high extent of region and also better examination of fauna birds in the region were used transect method and point count method. In this research were used different Sampling units for recording of species. For bird watching binoculars and a camera with a telephoto lens was used. According to results of study, 87 birds species from 13 orders were observed and identified in this region in the two years. The highest diversity and frequency of the species were belong to the Passeriforms order with 49 species (56% of the total observed species) and the lowest diversity and frequency of the species were belong to the order of Cuculiformes, Podicipediforms and Caprimulgiformes with 1 species. The results showed that, 17% of the observed species were protected. In this study, seven key areas that are rich in species diversity of the areas selected, including Maleksadra, Bisheh, Maryjab, Cheshmeh yakhab, Gazoo, Karshahi and is Cheshmeh aroos. According to the results, the Yabak Wildlife Refuge has a rich fauna of birds that needs more attention than this area.