مجله محیط زیست و توسعه فرابخشی
پیاپی 59 (بهار 1397)

Nowadays, Cities are considered to be the largest and most important human habitat due to their function at the national, regional and global levels and in different dimensions of political, social, cultural, economic and environmental dimensions, so that metropolises today play an important and affective function in global production. Hence, cities are considered to be the largest energy consumer units in the world, which create the greatest global challenges in the event of improper and non-principled use of energy. Countries try to choose the right and wise behavior to overcome these challenges. Undoubtedly, a systematic look at this issue is a principled approach, and attention to social issues is one of the most important and fundamental areas for exploration. The present paper examines the theoretical fundamentals of energy crisis approaches and states that government policies and practices at various levels, such as international agreements, the use of technology and green technology, rising prices for energy carriers, without the support of green thinking (a sustainable lifestyle), can not work well to deal with this crisis. A sustainable lifestyle is a treat way that attempts to reduce an individual's or society's use of the earth's natural resources and personal resources. Practitioners of sustainable living often attempt to reduce their carbon footprint by altering methods of transportation, energy consumption, and diet. Proponents of sustainable lifestyle aim to conduct their lives in ways that are consistent with sustainability, in natural balance and respectful of humanity's symbiotic relationship with the earth's natural ecology and cycles. The practice and general philosophy of ecological living are highly interrelated with the overall principles of sustainable development.

In terms of critical climate, Iran is located in the exchange district of important animal geography, hence the fish fauna is diverse and interesting. The research identifies fish species at in Seymare River in Ilam province, dispersion of fishes and introducing native and exotic species. The study was performed in autumn and winter of 1393 and spring and summer of 1394. Fish sampling was seasonal, by electrofishing devices, hand and expectation nets in two stations at Seymare dam and a station on the Seymare River. Overall, were identified 14 species, belonging to 12 genera and 2 families of 2 orders of bony fishes. In terms of number of species, Cyprinidae family has the highest rate with 97.85 percent and Mastacembelidae family is ranked with 2.15 percent of the total species. Also Cyprinion macrostomum and Carassius gibelio had the most abundant, respectively 33.66 and 22.38 percent of the total number of samples, Luciobarbus esocinus and Luciobarbus kersin had the lowest incidence, each with a frequency of 0.33 percent. In the study areas, Cyprinidae family was highest distribution and among them Cyprinion mascrostomum was maximum distribution, Luciobarbus esocinus and Luciobarbus kersin were minimum distribution. In areas of study, a total of 12 species were native fish and 2 species (Ctenopharyngodon idella and Carassius gibelio) were exotic fish. In between stations, the stations 2 and 3 at Seymare dam were the most of frequencies and 1 station in Seymare River was lowest frequencies. Also, among the sampling stations, Seymare dam were the highest species diversity and Seymare River was the lowest number of species.

The study of environmental pollution and the factors affecting it are important issues in each economy. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of economic growth on environmental pollution in Iran during the years 1365 to 1395. Then the environmental Kuznets hypothesis is of particular importance to consider. Considering the importance of the subject in this research, we use the Microfit software and the ARDL self-explanatory selfexplanatory model to analyze and analyze the time series data. The results of the model estimation indicate a positive relationship between per capita income and environmental pollution and the negative relationship between per capita income and environmental pollution. So the environmental Kuznets hypothesis was true in Iran, and also the curve return point shows that Iran has not yet reached the point of return to the Kuznets environmental curve. There is also a positive relationship between consumption of oil products and environmental pollution. Therefore, according to the results of the study, it is suggested that policies are needed to move towards green and clean technologies, especially in production, which will make the country in the path of sustainable growth. Therefore, the country can save energy by relying on existing potentials and focusing on investments in the renewable energy sector on the path to sustainable development and green growth. To this end, it will reduce the strong economic dependence on fossil fuels and, ultimately, reduce environmental pollution.

Quantifying the monetary value of ecosystem goods and services provided by coastal wetlands can help policymakers in assessing the cost-benefits and synergies inherent in the ecosystembased management of coastal environments and thus increase the social efficiency of decisionmaking processes. As a tool, valuing the ecosystem goods and services of Anzali wetland can prevent its deterioration and destruction by eliminating threats and encouraging its restoration, such that its function is preserved. In other words, it leads to a quicker restoration of the wetland placed in the Red List of Ramsar Convention. In this study, the market price method was used to evaluate the market goods of Anzali wetland ecosystem. The total economic value of market goods in the study area in 2013 is estimated at 12,781,865 million rials, and its discounted value for a 30-year period with 20% inflation rate was estimated at 3,034,111,931 million rials. The share of total market values of gross regional production in Gilan province was estimated at 8%. Given the current trend of wetlands destruction and its possible ecological, social and economic consequences, it becomes more evident that the value of wetlands must be well understood and taken into account in decision making. Obviously, citing quantitative and rial values in expressing the value of each source is an efficient and effective tool for justifying the goals of sustainable development and environmental protection.

The aim of this study is The presentation of the environmental strategic planning management of the Tehran Municipality's 13th region waste so that formed by combining SWOT & AHP models and it is A'WOT; With this purpose utilizes the strengths of both methods existing conditions and factors affecting the waste management area was found, then determined the quantity of waste produced of 33 Selected Person From the statistical population. Based on the results, experts team begin to identify internal and external factors. The factors were rated by SWOT and using the AHP as a supporter method for weighting the factors with 0.2 compatibility rate; Based on the scores impact of waste management Tehran Municipality's 13th region Range was competitive; so experts team by overlapping factors offered 13 main strategy in the competitive range, finally strategies locate in order of preference by QSPM matrix. The results show that the strategy of "Rewriting the educational concepts to for cultural progress" With a score of 5.25 is the top strategy and strategy of "comprehensive monitoring contractor performance to prevent pollution of water, soil and air" with a score of 4.645 have second priority. Finally, based on the strategic environmental planning (EMP) table an action plan was presented