International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research
Volume:4 Issue: 2, Spring 2016

The brain – computer interface (BCI) provides a communicational channel between human and machine. Most of these systems are based on brain activities. Brain Computer-Interfacing is a methodology that provides a way for communication with the outside environment using the brain thoughts. The success of this methodology depends on the selection of methods to process the brain signals in each phase Feature extraction is one of the most important stages in distinguishing of brain activities from EEG. New features are produced by primary features. Today, in the field of EEG signal processing methods for the best feature extraction are so important. In this article we mentioned EEG based brain computer interface ( BCI) systems feature extraction such as Principle Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis(LDA), Independent Component Analysis (ICA), Mutual information theory (MI), Empirical Mode Decomposition(EMD), High–order frequency component, Wavelet Transform, Common Spatial Pattern ( CSP), Complex Band Power (CBP).

Performance of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) was evaluated on twelve transplanting dates that were arranged at 30 days interval; during 2013-2014 on experimental field of Wondo Genet agricultural research center; using RCBD design with three replications. Transplanting time exerted a very highly significant (p<0.0001) influence on plant height, flower yield and essential oil yield; essential oil content was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by transplanting time. The performance of chamomile and the amount of rainfall received on the first month of transplanting showed significant (<0.05) positive relationship with regression coefficient of (0.16). The amount of heat units received during the entire growth periods didn’t showed significant relationship with the performance of chamomile. The highest and lowest flower yield was obtained from July and December transplanted chamomile respectively. Fresh flower yield varied from 0.8 t/ha to 3.84 t/ha; and the essential oil yield varied from 1.19 kg/ha to 5.56 kg/ha due to the influence of transplanting time. Transplanting chamomile during dry hot season resulted in up to 79 percent flower yield reduction as compared to wet and cool season transplanted chamomile. Chamomile showed high sensitivity to the absence of rainfall associated with higher heat units during the first month of establishments on the field. According to the results transplanting chamomile during moist and cool months is highly recommended in order to obtain maximum flower and oil yield.

The present study was laid out in order toevaluate the effect of salinity on some biochemical characterize of grapevine c.vYaghouti. The experiment was done at Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Ilam, Iran at 2014. The experiment was a completely block design (CRD) with four replications. Saline factor was NaCl salinity in seven levels (Zero, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mM). Grape scions were planted in beds containing equal proportions of sand, perlite and vermiculite in 20-L vases. The vases were nourished by half Hoagland nutrient solution for first three weeks after plantation. In order to create the desired salinity levels, another half of the Hoagland nutrient solution was salinized with 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mMNaCl. During growth stages, measurement was done on physiological and biochemical parameters such as soluble sugar, proline, chlorophyll, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbat peroxidase enzymes. The results showed that maximum chlorophyll a and b were obtained for control treatment and decreased gradually with increasing of saline level. The proline and soluble content as osmolits increased gradually by increasing of saline levels. However, CAT, APX and POX activity increased by salinity levels until 150mM, 150mM and 250mM saline treatment respectively. The results of the present study reviled that salt stress decreased some biochemical traits and decreased some damages by increasing of osmolits content and antioxidant enzymes activity.

The present study evaluated the effects of different dosages herbicides Oxyfluorfen and Trifluralin on crop properties of garlic, including plant height, number of cloves per bulbs as well as economical and biological yield of garlic. In this research, a randomized complete block design, with seven treatments and three replications, along with a control sample (weeding and no weed control), was conducted in 2012 – 2013. The treatments were included the use of 1.5, 2 and 2.5 liters of Trifluralin per hectare, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 liters of Oxyfluorfen per hectare in one step, 1.5 liters Oxyfluorfen per hectare in two steps, a control with weed interference (two replications in each block) and a weeding and no weed control. Results showed that using different doses of herbicides significantly affected plant height, number of cloves per bulb, 100 seed weight, economical and biological yield and harvest index of garlic. The lowest economic yield was due to control treatment without controlling of weeds (540 g.m-2) and the highest was obtained under 3 treatments of 1.5 liter of oxyfluorfen herbicide (1661.67 g.m-2), hand weeding (1686.67 g.m-2) and split oxyfluorfen application (1670 g.m-2). Finally, oxyfluorfen treatment (1.5 liter) on 3 to 4 weeds leaf, were identified as the most appropriate treatments.

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 , 2 (HTLV-1, 2) is endemic in Particular Areas of the world in which it is associated with myeloid leukemia.In this study, we described the prevalence of HTLV-1, 2 in myeloid leukemia and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Iran. We have worked with tissue and blood samples for 2 years. These were the same samples which were positive for myeloid leukemia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis,HTLV and were collected from Imam Khomeini hospital in Tehran, Iran. 100 cases were investigated (58% males, 42% females), the age of these samples were within 5 to 89 years old.In 65.7 percent of the leukemia rate HTLV-1 has been positive. Five cases (54%) were myeloid leukemia, 36.4% cases were not myeloid leukemia and 3 out of 8 cases (27.9%) unclassified lymphomas, were positive respectively. All 6 cases (100%) were adults with acute T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were positive. Among all cases, just one case has been positive for chronic myeloid leukemia and myeloproliferative disruption. Positive HTLV-1- show more in older ages than younger one. At younger ages offers less than negative items. According to our results, in Iran HTLV-1, 2 is dramatically related to myeloid leukemia, and more studies are required for accurate connection with myeloma diseases and this area.

The impact and cost of synthetic fertilizers as well as their associated risks on the environmental safety was becoming unaffordable. To alleviate these problems, integrating this synthetic fertilizers with easily available and an environment friendly compound like bio-char is of very high significance towards meeting our goal of increasing agricultural production and ensuring food security. The present field experiment was therefore conducted to investigate the effect of biochar rate application on the selected properties of soils and yield and yield components of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratuc L.) during 2013/2015 in W/Genet. Biochar produced from coffee husk and biogas was applied at rates of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 tone ha-1 for both coffee husk and biogas which was giving a total of nine treatments, where arranged in Randomized Complete Blocked Design with three replications. The over years result showed that the application of biochar have an increasing effects on soil properties like PH, OC, total N, available P, CEC and exchangeable cations and significant (p<0.05) increase in fresh biomass and number of leaf per hill. The highest fresh biomass, number of leaf per hill and moisture content was obtained by the application of 15ton/hectare biochar rate from coffee husk followed by the application of 15ton/hectare biochar rate from sugar factory and the highest essential oil yield was obtained by the application of 15ton/hectare biochar rate from sugar factory followed by the application of 15ton/hectare biochar rate from coffee husk. The best treatment recommended would be 15 tone ha-1 biochar from coffee husk and followed by 15 tone ha-1 biochar from biogas in order to achieve optimum Lemmon Grass production in W/Genet soil. Therefore, application biochar is very imperative to increase soil fertility, enhance nutrient uptake, ameliorate polluted soils and reduce the amount of carbon produced due to biomass burning.

The purpose of this study was to identify factors that effecting on wood and papers student’s entrepreneurial spirit. Statistical population of this research consisted of whole wood and paper students in college of agricultural and natural of Tehran University (N= 263). A stratified random sampling method was used to select 100 students applying Morgan’s table. The main tool to collect data was a researcher made questionnaire that Content validity of the questionnaire was approved, by a panel of experts and Exploratory factor analysis and its reliability, was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α= 0.71- 0.79). Data was analyzed by SPSSWin20 software. Results of factor analysis showed that four factors: curriculum content, psychological, teaching method and management explained 60.87 percent of the variance of students’ entrepreneurial spirit.

The purposeof this studywas to Analyzing factors that effecting on rangeland degradation. Statistical population of this research consisted of whole farmer in Pirtaj district (N= 1600); from that 120 farmer were selected as sample using cluster sampling. The main tool to collect data was a researcher made questionnaire that Content validity of the questionnaire was approved, by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach''s alpha coefficient (α≥ 0.74- 0.82). Data was analyzed by SPSS software. Results of correlation analysis indicated a positive statistically significant relationship between rainfed land with personal ownership, number of livestock and rangeland degradation. Also, there are negative and significant relationships between irrigated lands with personal ownership, garden size, and rangeland degradation. Results of stepwise regression showed that in generally garden size, amount of rainfed land with personal ownership, and amount of irrigated lands with personal ownership, has been defined 35.00% of rangeland degradation variances.

To evaluate the inoculation effect of potassium releasing, phosphate solubilizing and nitrogen fixing bacteria on the fruit quality of tomato, an experiment based on randomized complete block design with 9 treatments and 3 replications has been conducted. In this experiment, tomato (super chief cv.) seedlings of the in the treasury cultivation with single and combined treatments of the potassium releasing bacteria (KSB: Pseudomonas sp. S19-1, Pseudomonas sp. S14-3), phosphate solubilizing (PSB: P. putida Tabriz, P. fluorescens Tabriz) and nitrogen fixing (NFB: Azospirillum sp. Acu9, Azotobacter sp.), in the nursery cultivation. In addition, a control treatment without inoculation of bacteria (negative control) and a complete fertilized treatment based on the soil test analysis (positive control) were included to compare the results. The results showed that inoculation with bacteria had significant effect on average fruit weight, fruit length, number of total fruits, the percentage of marketable fruit, and the percentage of BER incidence and Potassium content of fruit. The highest number of total fruits was obtained in the PSB treatment. The highest average fruit weight, Potassium content of fruit, the percentage of marketable fruit, fruit length were observed in KSB treatment with values of 54/11g, 4.7 mg/g, 56.71 percent and 51 cm respectively. The lowest percentage of BER incidence was observed in KSB with values of 6.24 percent.

Spermatogenesis process during which the male germ cells are produced at each stage of the disorder, it can lead to infertility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fennel and yarrow on spermatogenesis in adult micereceiving chemotherapy is cyclosporine. For this study, 32 male Wistar rats with an average weight of 20 ± 200 g were randomly divided into four groups (control, cyclosporine A, cyclosporine and aqueous extracts of yarrow, cyclosporine and aqueous extract of fennel). Three groups of mice at a dose cyclosporine day / kg / mg40 dissolved in half ml sesame oil, received daily. The other two groups, water extracts of yarrow and fennel with a dose of day / kg / mg 150 received. After 21 and 45 days, all rats were euthanized, the testis and epididymis were separated in the next stage of sperm characteristics, morphological changes and morphological index were Trzya by spermatogenesis. Administration of cyclosporine A significant reduction in the number and motility of sperm, as well as a significant increase in the amount of dead and abnormal sperm has caused. If the plant extracts of yarrow and fennel is to improve these parameters. The results of this study show that cyclosporine A by oxidative stress can damage the testes provide, while the aqueous extract of yarrow and fennel with scavenging free radicals and oxidative processes can be reduced the adverse effects of this drug.

Industrial effluents consist many pollutant and heavy metals. Bacteria isolated from industrial west water ground may have potential to tolerate heavy metal. In this study we isolate a Citrobacter sp. which can resist heavy metal like Cu and Pb. Slurry from industrial west water ground was collected from 22.0663 N, 88.1041 E. The heavy metal content and other parameters of soil were estimated. The bacterial strains were isolated by using nutrient agar plate supplemented with 2 mM copper and lead. Among the strains one was selected for further study on the basis of resistivity against Cu and Pb. The bacteria were identified by 16S rRNA analysis. Extracellular capsules produced by the isolate were precipitated using isopropanol and analysed by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The isolate can tolerate more than 2.25 mM copper and lead. In this study bacteria were identified as Citrobacter freundii strain NK2. Presence of copper and lead in extracellular capsule were obtained by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. Moreover the bacteria also exhibited multi drug resistance to many antibiotics. Isolated bacteria produce biofilms, which have chelating property. The biofilm might be used as bioabsorbent.

This study was carried out in order to evaluate the changes of Nitrogen, phosphor and potassium uptake by wheat and remaining of them in soil under foliar application of Leonardite and foliar application of N and K. The experiment was conducted in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources during 2013- 2014. The experiment was laid out a using split-plot arrangement based on complete block design with four replications. Treatments were nitrogen and nitrogen+potassium fertilizers in main plots and foliar application of nitrogen, potassium, humic power and mega humat with control in subplots. The results showed that, the effect of chemical fertilizers was significant on soil K content in harvesting stage, plant P and K content at heading beginning stage and grain N, P and K content at maturity. The effect of foliar application of Leonardite, Urea and potassium was significant on P and K content at heading beginning and harvesting stages, plant N, P and K content at heading beginning stage and grain N, P and K content at maturity. Interaction effect of chemical fertilizers and foliar application of Leonardite, Urea and potassium was significant on plant K content. Mean comparison results showed that, foliar application of Urea increased soil, plant and grain nitrogen content rather than other treatments. However, application of humic power and megahumat increased P uptake by wheat and accumulate in plant and grain tissues. Also results showed that integrated application of nitrogen+potassium and foliar application of potassium increased wheat K content. In final these results suggested that application of chemical fertilizers and foliar application of Leonardite, Urea and potassium had more effective on NPK supplying for wheat and uptake of these nutrients by wheat. Also improvement in soil properties and fertility status was recorded when chemical fertilizers were integrated with Leonardite, Urea and potassium as foliar application.

Semen collection evaluation and addition of preservatives to increase storage period of sperm are essential for successful artificial insemination. This study was conducted on 4rams (2 Ghezel Merinos and 2 Merinos Moghani) to evaluate the effect of two diluents in Khalatposhan research station. Average age of rams was 3 years. Rams were trained to serve the artificial insemination and semen samples were collected weekly. It was started from October 2011 to June 2012. After collection semen samples were mixed with diluents. They were stored in liquid nitrogen. After diluting and storage semen was assessed after 0, 1, 2 and 3 day for pH, viability and progressive motility. Frozen straws were thawed individually at 37 °C for 20 s in a water bath for evaluation. Effect of diluent and storage day on pH, viability and progressive motility of sperm were significant (P< 0.01). With the increasing storage day pH, viability and progressive motility of sperm decreased. The success of these diluent has been attributed the tris which may act as a buffer against changes in pH and tonicity. Fructose and citric acid are energy source. Egg- yolks protect the cell membrane during cooling. Glycerol protects the spermatozoa against membrane damage during freezing. This study showed that diluents containing of 7% glycerol and 20% egg-yolk had better sperm protection ability than extender containing 5% glycerol and 5% egg-yolk  according to sperm motility, pH and sperm viability

The purpose of this study was to examine the investigate the relationship between resiliency and immune system activity of students. This research is descriptive and correlational. The population consist of all students of the faculty science of Azad university in Ardebil. 100 students were selected with sampling method. The students answered the same questionnaire including questionnaire of demographic and resilience. For measuring the activity of immune system were used of the polar radial immuno-tests.  Data analysis included multivariate regression, pearson’s r correlations, regression analysis, ANOVA analyses and SPSS software (package of Spss / pc + + ver18). The results of this study show the there is a significant positive relationship between resiliencyand immunoglobulin type A and G. In addition, the results of multiple regression analysis showed that perceived resiliencywas predicted 0.192 percent of the immune system student.

The purpose of this study was to compare the sustained attention and cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder type II. The research method was causal-comparative (case-control) type. Statistical population was all the patients with bipolar disorder type II and schizophrenia at Isar and Fatemi hospitals in 2015 in Ardabil, Iran. 50 patients (25 cases per group) were selected by available sampling. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and Attention Test (D2) were used for collecting data. Data analysis was performed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The results showed that the performance of schizophrenic patients in both attention and cognitive deficits tests was lower than bipolar patients. These findings can be effective in improving cognitive deficits and attention performance as well as cause significant changes in communitybasedrehabilitation ways.