فصلنامه مطالعات امنیت اجتماعی
سال دهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 59، پاییز 1398)

Since long time ago the elite, in particular the political elite, have played an important role in the various aspects of developments of societies, especially security issue. Historic experiences have indicated that the rise and elevation and/or collapse of any country, to a great extent, depends on the role of the political elite, and their reflection plays a determining and effective role in implementation of political and social programs on one side, and manner of fulfillment of the aspirations of the public, on the other. National security provision is among the priorities of the Islamic system in national and regional policymaking. Chief among indexes of national security provision are: political independence, preservation of territorial integrity, political stability, social cohesion and economic welfare. The main question to be answered in the present study is pertaining to the security role of the political elite (power) in promoting national security of Islamic Republic of Iran. The theoretical framework taken into consideration in the present study is the security view points of the Copenhagen school, particularly Barry Buzan regarding national security: its cultural, social, economic, political, security, environmental aspects. The method used in this research is a combination of consecutive qualitative and quantitative methods. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by factor analysis and the reliability of question was checked and confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (0.973). The statistical population of this study includes officials, professors and experts active in national security areas, and the relevant sample has been selected purposefully. N= 81 including professors, officials and experts involved in the areas of national security who have sufficient information on this very research and are willing to cooperate and fill in the relevant questionnaire. The research findings indicate that there is significant difference between the status quo of the elite performance and the expectations of the community (desirable conditions). In other words, the community elites, due to various reasons, have not had a proper and desirable performance.

Nowadays, security is not a single-dimensional issue; rather it has become a complex and multifaceted issue in both internal and external aspects. Therefore, internal security itself has various aspects: economic, political, social and cultural. According to experts and analysts, no single organization alone can take care of security issues and provide security in the society. In this regard, the young generation and the intellectuals may play an important role. Hence, the present study is mainly aimed at investigating the role of professors and students in interaction with police forces, and its impact on Arak city's societal security.

As far as objective is concerned, the research is of applied type. In terms of nature, it is of descriptive type, and in terms of collecting data is of survey type. In 2017, the statistical population of the study in Arak city was 53,000: 50,000 students and 3,000 professors. N= 381 selected from among professors and students of various universities using Krejcie & Morgan table and a quota sampling method, and then questionnaires were randomly distributed and filled in by participants. The tool used for gathering data was note taking, and in survey section a self-made questionnaire whose content validity was supplied by experienced experts, and its reliability was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.88). Data analysis was performed using Friedman's multi-variable statistical tests, as well as ranked regression and SPSS.

The findings indicated that university professors and students have scientific and technical interaction with police in three areas of crime prevention. In the constituent of prevention, crime prevention indices, crime detection and identification; in the constituent of scientific interaction of indices of research projects implemented, participation in think-tanks and holding roundtables; and in the constituent of technical interaction of indices of databank creation, data gathering and contribution to developing software, rank first to third, respectively.

The present study mainly aims at determining the relationship between Yazd city citizens' societal security and self-censorship. In terms of purpose, the research is of applied type and in terms of implementation is of survey type. The statistical population of this study was 15 and 15+ Yazd citizens. The sample size was 384 people, calculated via Cochran formula and data was collected using multistage cluster sampling method. The tool used in the research for collecting information was self-made questionnaire. The study findings indicate that self-censorship average in the under study sample (2.98) is lower than mean level of 3. The statistical tests results indicated that there is inverse relationship between the societal security feeling and its dimensions, and self-censorship, so that moral security, financial security, ideological security and life security with a value of β =-0.232, β= -0.172, β = -0.169 and β= -0.155 respectively have the highest impact on the self-censorship projection. Altogether, the dimensions of variable of societal security feeling explained 18.6% of the variance of self-censorship variable, while the moral security had the highest contribution to explaining the self-censorship variable.

Security is a social concept and its application in a way makes sense when urban communities are concerned. In the absence of security feeling, no urban space will be visited by citizens and they will not interact with others in it. According to the approach of sociology of security, analyzing security while disregarding social factors cannot be of any help. Therefore, this study seeks to examine the extent of urban security in selected neighborhoods in Ahvaz and to provide solutions to eliminate insecurity in the relevant neighborhoods. The research is of descriptive-analytical type. In the present research, following looking into the relevant theoretical foundations, constituents such as "land use, passages quality, environment comfort, public transport and environment discomfort" came out to be indicators of urban landscape based on assessing public citizens' security feeling. Afterwards, by distributing 10 questionnaires among experts, the required data were collected and following that entropy method was used to assess the security indices. Then, the COPRAS model was used to rank the selected neighborhoods in Ahvaz. The research results indicate that according to the assessment indices, there is a very lively and dynamic neighborhood in Zone 2 of the western part of Ahvaz which enjoys many facilities, while in the central part of Ahvaz, in district 1 and also in the western part of Ahvaz, the neighborhoods of district 6 are in undesirable conditions and have poor urban security and are considered the most deprived neighborhoods as far as security feeling indicators are concerned.

Security as one of the basic constituents of social welfare will not materialize unless the public enjoy security feeling in social arenas. The present research aims at explaining the relationship between national identity and societal security feeling in Kermanshah city. The research method is of quantitative and survey type. The statistical population is 384 individuals of 18 and 18+ living in Kermanshah city. Cluster sampling method was used for selecting people, and simple random selection was used inside every cluster. Research findings indicated that there is a positive and significant relationship between tendency toward national identity (r= 0.35) and its dimensions i.e. social identity (r= 0.40), territorial identity (r= 0.30), cultural identity (r= 0.36), historical identity (r= 0.26) and religious identity (r= 0.38), and the level of societal security feeling on the part of citizens. The results of structural equation model indicate that tendency toward national identity has medium impact on societal security feeling (0.45), and national identity variable in total explains (0.21) of variance of societal security feeling.

Whereas security provides citizens with well-being and comfort, it is one of the important constituents of life quality, and has been always the center of attention of urban planners. Hence, nowadays urban planners stress the necessity of some sort of development which covers all dimensions of citizens' lives; and they consider such a development as a sustainable development which mankind deserves. One of the aspects of such a sustainable development is enjoying a desirable place to live in, and being provided with security. Promoting individuals' security feeling while leading to improvement of their environment reduces abnormalities. The present survey is of descriptive – analytic type and takes benefit from library resources to explain the research literature and background and to provide a model. Taking into account the volume of the sample, 383 questionnaires have been provided. Data gathering was done, using Pearson correlation coefficient and SPSS. The results of the present research indicated that the residents' security to some extent is materialized, and in terms of security the under-study region remains in average conditions (0.416 level of the sustainability) but security feeling should be thoroughly established. The highest level of security feeling among the under- study constituents for the citizens is the constituent of staying home alone.

The present article aims at reviewing the relationship between social capital and individual quarrel among the youth in Ilam city. The statistical population of the study was the youth of Ilam city where the sample size was 293 persons and the samples were selected using multistage cluster sampling. The research is of survey type and the data collection is fulfilled using a self-made questionnaire. The results of analyzing the findings firstly indicated that 58% of the youth in Ilam city rated social capital level at medium up to high level. Secondly, the correlation between the youth’s social capital and quarrel is -0.257, indicating that there is a significant and inverse relationship between youth’s social capital and quarrel. There is also an inverse and significant relationship between social support and youth individual quarrel. The regression model showed that variable of social support contributes to quarrel (4.8%). There is also an inverse and significant relationship between social participation and individual quarrel, with the regression model showing that the impact of the social participation constituent on individual quarrel is 3.9%. The coefficient of determination of multiple regression model with a value of 0.076 indicates that 7.6% of the variation of quarrel variable is explained by social capital. Thus, it can be argued that as the share of social capital increases, interpersonal quarrel declines dramatically.