فصلنامه مطالعات امنیت اجتماعی
سال چهاردهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 75، پاییز 1402)

Nowadays, in the modern world, as women have gotten involved in economic fields and employment in social environments, the issue of fear of crime has become a sensitive issue in the field of women’s security. The present research is aimed to study the social contexts affecting women's fear of crime with an emphasis on police performance.

The present research in terms of purpose is of applied type, and in terms of the method is of descriptive type, and in terms of study is of qualitative research type based on the “foundation data method”. The participants in the research are 25 female students studying at Islamic Azad University, Kerman branch in 2020. Target-oriented sampling is available. A semi-structured interview has been used as a data collection tool. To reach the criterion of reliability, three methods have been used: control or validation by members, analytical comparisons, and the use of audit techniques. The data have been analyzed in compliance with the procedure based on grounded theory in three stages: open, selective, and pivotal coding.

Based on the findings of the study, factors such as: disregarding regional justice, street disturbances, witnessing the crime while it is being committed, assaults by Afghans and foreign nationals, and the state of security ecology of the neighborhoods as causative factors, monitoring news of incidents via the media, security feeling and peace, continuation of police security measures, theft prevention, as background factors, commitment of the police to the people, observance of citizen's rights, mentality towards the police, the police ability, civil indifference, the lack of support institutions and the weakness of social and individual religious beliefs as intervening factors, training on the consequences and risks, strengthening urban security, improving police performance as processes and factors have been identified. Some factors such as the feeling of fear and extreme stress from the occurrence of crime, transfer of fear to others, and loss of people's social efficiency were introduced as consequences in the research, and finally, witnessing crime and insecurity were identified as core issues.The results of the survey show that women's fear of crime is influenced by numerous factors that have social and cultural origins and have a close and broad relationship with the crime rate in the region, the city's environmental-spatial structures, and police performance.

The gap between desires and tools as the main driver of the occurrence of crimes is in the theory of anomie. In this regard, the impact of the transformation of traditional society into an industrial one, marginalization, class gaps, and the origin of anomie and its relationship with the occurrence of delinquency have been emphasized by criminologists. On the other hand, the causes of revolutions and riots have been the focus of sociology, but the impact of the anomic economic society on the breakup of the nation and the government and the emergence of security crimes has not been sufficiently paid attention to by many criminologists. Hence, the present article aims to identify and prioritize the criteria and indicators of the impact of economic anomie on the formation of crimes against internal security.

The research, in terms of objective, is applied type with a fundamental approach, and the method of descriptive-analytical research and library studies is used for collecting information.

The intersection of different and numerous opinions on criminology and sociology with Durkheim and Merten's theory of anomie shows there is a common aspect among the causes and agents of crime. The intersection of the mentioned opinions shows that although economic anomie initially affects public crimes, due to the fact that it causes relative deprivation, discrimination feeling, and reduction of social trust, it causes social dissatisfaction, ineffective normative thinking, and the collapse of normative legitimacy and the formation of an identity crisis. Due to this, norms have collapsed and with the growth of selfish individualism, mass society has been formed, the blaming and condemning of emerging social norms and social aggression have intensified, and efforts made to transform identity and norms; have made shaky the political stability of society, and collective security crimes are formed. Hence, part of the crimes against security can be considered as the basic economy. From Durkheim’s point of view, what causes social crises is neither poverty nor economic prosperity, but rather than that it is the suddenness of changes and the resulting imbalance, which Iran’s society is most compatible with this theory. Therefore, it is appropriate that rather than focusing on retributive punishments and putting pressure on the police to adopt zero tolerance towards the mentioned criminals pave the ground for the reduction of these crimes in order to get out of the criminal inflation and the security atmosphere in the society, while encouraging the police to enhance tolerance, by correcting the bases of anomie, and benefit from its more stable results.

Recognition of the effective factors in the stability of the family system provides the background and platform for influence in the field of psychological and societal security. Whereas personal authority plays a key role in the family system, the present research aims to examine the fit of the personal authority measurement model in the family system and its effectiveness in creating security among women who are victims of spousal abuse.

The present research is a descriptive-correlational one based on structural equations. N= 250 female victims of spousal abuse who referred to the social work departments of Tehran police stations in 1400. They were purposefully selected and examined. To collect data, Williamson, Malone Webery (1984) personal authority questionnaire in the family system was used and in order to check the fit of the personal authority measurement model in the family system, it was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis method and through AMOS23.

The findings of the research showed that the model for measuring personal authority in the family system after applying revisions showed a good fit with sig < 0.05 and all goodness indicators also confirm the fit of the model (CFI=0.990, GFI =0/998, NFI=0/991, AGFI=0/992, PNFI=0/511, 2/476= X2 /df) Based on the results, the theoretical foundation of the research is valid and the model of measuring personal authority in the family system is suitable for measuring the level of this variable in the society of women who are victims of spousal abuse. Hence, while identifying and finding ways to promote personal authority in the families of victims of spousal abuse it can play a role in establishing and promoting security.

According to Pierre Bourdieu, social and cultural capital play an important role in promoting women's social security feeling. The present research mainly aims to study the role of cultural and social capital in the social security feeling of female heads of household. 

The research method is of quantitative-survey type, and the tool was a questionnaire. The statistical population of this research included all female heads of households in Tehran city in all the 22 districts, which were supported by the “Welfare Organization” (N=3443) and the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee (RA) (N=15.066). The total number of female heads of households in Tehran, who were under consideration as a statistical population in this research and were supported by one of the two above-mentioned bodies, is 18,509 people, and 721 people (sample size) were selected using the Cochran formula.

The results show that the social capital and cultural capital of women heads of households have a significant and positive correlation with their social security feeling. Also, the regression model showed that social capital with a beta value of 0.248 and cultural capital with a beta value of 0.352 have managed to explain and forecast women's social security feeling, and the overall impact of multiple regression is 0.228. As a result, by increasing the amount of social capital of female heads of households, i.e. improving the level of social trust, increasing the level of social participation, improving the social awareness of female headed households, as well as increasing the density of social connections and interactions of female headed households, the level of their social security feeling in society and family increases.

Nowadays, the security process is among the most important and essential planning issues in the realm of the activity of the football competitions’ organizers; because football is the center of attention and many people belonging to various classes of society presence are interested in watching football matches in stadiums. In this regard, maintaining security and peace in the society is the most important task of the police force. Therefore, the present research was carried out with the aim of identifying strategies to combat vandalism in the stadiums of the Premier Football League of Iran.

The present research aims to achieve applied outcomes and was of exploratory type. For this purpose, theoretical saturation was achieved with 19 experts in a purposeful judgment and using in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The data was collected using an exploratory approach through the identification process and its analysis using the qualitative software: MaxQD. Also, the validity of the research was taken into consideration by using issues such as the accurate selection of samples, simultaneous data collection and analysis, consistency in the research methodology, and the repeated reliability of the test.

According to the findings of the research, the monitoring and security, educational, technical, managerial, safety, communication, and environmental components were recognized as the main strategies to combat the occurrence of vandalism. Also, according to the observed frequency, the concept of security with an importance factor of 133, event management with an importance factor of 114, infrastructure and communication networks each with an importance factor of 102, and risk assessment with an importance factor of 101 had the highest importance coefficients among other concepts.
The results of the current research emphasize the attention paid to the supervisory and security, educational, technical, managerial, safety, communication, and environmental approaches in combating the occurrence of vandalism in the stadiums of the Premier Football League of Iran. In this context, attention should be paid to factors such as the provision of facilities, control the stadium by digital cameras, the presence of trained police before and after the match, security measures of the external environment around the sports stadium, special supervision of the security team in decisive games, protection of sports venues against poisonous substances, the appropriate price of the ticket is suggested taking into account the conditions of society and the management of information conditions and the reflection of public opinion in order to prevent the occurrence of vandalism in sports stadiums.

The importance of studying the factors affecting social security feeling also emanates from the fact that without recognizing the factors that are effective and related to the feeling of safety in individuals, it will not be possible to ensure social security and public order at the level of societies. Therefore, recognizing these factors in creating social security feeling is one of the basic prerequisites in planning to improve the level of social security. In this research, an attempt was made to investigate and analyze the role of space and place in the security feeling of the residents of Mehr housing in Tehran province (Mehr Pardis Housing and Mehr Safadasht Mallard Housing).

This research was carried out using Delphi method and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP). The information of the present research was collected using a researcher’s questionnaire based on pairwise comparisons from a sample consisting of 21 experts in the field of social sciences in the year 2021.

As it came out during the research, the model consists of ten dimensions. These ten dimensions include high ranking and placement of residential blocks, inappropriate location on the outskirts of the city and being far from urban services, public areas and green belts, the distance between the blocks, roads, citizens’ participation, social relations( relationship network), feeling of belonging to the neighborhood, visual comfort and hearing comfort. The final rank of the criteria in the FAHP method shows that the highest score is related to the dimension of the distance between the blocks, followed by citizens’ participation, social relations (relationship network), sense of belonging to the neighborhood, public areas and green belts, roads, visual comfort, high-rise construction and deployment of residential blocks, hearing comfort and inappropriate location on the outskirts of the city and being far from urban services centers are in the next ranks.

Nowadays, rural development is to some extent a function of empowering villagers, because the change and evolution of knowledge, skills, and attitudes of villagers leads to rural development. In this regard, education is one of the determining factors for the acceptance of new methods by the villagers and the welcoming of those methods, and as a result, a new attitude has been established in them towards economic activities in rural areas and by improving its awareness capacities (awareness and security) provide the means to improve the quality of life and sustainable development of rural areas. The present research aims to investigate the impact of training on improving the quality of life and empowering the social security of the villagers living in the border areas of Siman and Doudan.

The current research was carried out using the descriptive-survey method and based on questionnaire completion, to identify and measure the role of training in empowering and improving the quality of life of border villagers in Doudan and Siman villages of Paveh city. The studied community includes the head of the studied resident households. The size of the studied sample for the residents of the village was 142 randomly selected based on the Cochran formula. The research tool is a questionnaire whose face validity and reliability were confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.

The research indicated that the impact of educating the villagers via improving the quality of life of the villagers (Chi score = 19.9) and empowering the villagers with regard to social security (Chi score = 23.2) has been significant.
With 95% confidence, it could be argued that in general there was a significant positive relationship between training the villagers and the improvement of their quality of life and their empowerment with regard to social security.

Social health is among the most important and effective parameters in the development of any society. Social health includes the quality and manner of a person's connection and interaction in society. Although women's health in physical, mental, and social dimensions is considered the most important foundation of society's health; compared to other dimensions of health, the social health of this group has not received adequate attention. The present research aims to analyze the relationship between security feeling and the social health of women in Khorramabad city.

In terms of method the research is based on a comparative strategy, quantitative method, survey technique, and questionnaire tool. The studied population is women ranging from 15 to 64 in Khorramabad and N= 400. The social security feeling has been measured by taking into consideration 6 dimensions with a researcher-made questionnaire, and social health has been measured in 5 dimensions using the Keys scale. Research data was collected based on multi-stage cluster sampling and questionnaires.

The findings of the research indicate that there is a significant relationship between the feeling of intellectual security and social health (0.54); between the feeling of identity security and social health (0.57); between the feeling of social security and social health (0.65); between the feeling of political security and social health ( 0.34. ), between the feeling of cultural security and social health (0.53) and between the feeling of economic security and social health of women living in Khorramabad city (0.46). Also, the results of multivariate regression indicate that security feeling affects social health (0.43).That is to say 43 percent of the social health, the variable can be explained and forecasted as a dependent variable through the security feeling.