نشریه زبان و ادب فارسی
پیاپی 19 (تابستان 1393)

In jung’s analytical psychology, the psyche has been divided into conscious and unconscious. Consciousness is the outside part of psyche with which the individual communicates with outside world; and unconsciousness, which has been divided into individual part and collective one, is the inside part of psyche which is unknown for the person and is full of creative, unknown and fearsome forces. Individuation, which in jung’s analytical psychology is equal to self-examination and psychic evolution, is obtained when consciousness faces with unknown elements of unconsciousness and of the end  there will be compromise between them.“ the sacrifice session of Senemmar” is one of the plays in which consciousness (which is institutionalized in the character of Noman ibn Monzar) faces with unconsciousness (which is institutionalized in the character of Senemmar) but it cannot compromise with it and so there will be no individuation and self-examination.

Leyla and Majnun is a long narrative poem which has it root among Arabs in the first century. The story went to other cultures very soon. Especially after the arrival of Muslim Arabs to promote Islamic thought, culture and studies including stories and anecdotes travelled to other civilizations.Hakim Nezami Ganjavi (614- 530, H), originally Kurdish poet of the sixteen century, wrote Leyla and Majnun in Persian in 4700 lines. The story then imitated by many other Kurdish and Persian poets.Kaha Ghobadi (1191- 1115) wrote this story in Kurdish verse with Gorani dialect. The number of lines of this long narrative poem is 1644. Khana as a great poet of 12th century had his own narration of the same story.The writers of this study using an analytical- descriptive method seek to investigate the similarities and differences between the two works and the rate of impact of Nezami on Khana in writing Leyla and Majnun.The results show that Khana probably have used other sources of Kurdish oral literature beside Nezami's for writing Leyla and Majnun. The other minor result suggests that Nezami most probably have used other sources in his mother tongue along with Arabic texts and narrations.

It is clear, The English in both reading and writing skills is based on the alphabet. Explaining and teaching new alphabet (English) for teachers who teach in remote rural and deprived areas is too hard because students in this area are familiar with the native language and formal language. Classical and elementary teaching method creates more problems for teachers in the teaching process as well as for students in understanding the process. Based on this necessity, subject of this study, mentally visualize and understand the similarities and contrasts comparison of the English alphabet with native language alphabet and the official language alphabet. Using the power of art and the use of "story" and the "Theatre and Show" for better understanding and a deeper understanding of the English alphabet, as well as the application and its requirements.

This article aims at investigating the issues of gender identity in novel, and the way scholars appreciate it from a gender perspective in the Persian novel. Theoretical essentialist and constrctivistic approaches were used along qualitative content analysis in a comparative manner to measure the scholars ’interpretation of gender orientation of writers in the representation of social reality of their era. The statistical population consisted of a book, seven articles and two dissertations. Women were found in the novels evidence of change upon traditional gender attitudes and would see the men as lacking enough experience to represent women’s issues through the novel. Notwithstanding the equal number of scholars in terms of gender, more serious work has been done in the form of books and articles by women and most important explanation about processes, events and figures were: class status, class conflict, personal characteristics, gender, and relationships of the characters and writers with the totalistic tradition and individualistic modernity and efforts toward coping with changes and overcoming the personal unconscious as a collective heritage caused by the emergence of new life styles in a battle with the traditions and manifestation of this failure in the novel, emphasizing the intellectual division of labor in the field of thought in the name of popular feminine fiction for women, its relationship with gender, the Islamic Revolution and international condition. The main focus of most researchers is a critique of the public domain from a gender-oriented perspective which is getting closer to a gender constructivism approach.

The paper attempts to answer the following questions; What is pantheism and what are the challenges by mistics in the past? Did Mowlavi have any connections with Moh’yeddin Arabi and has he been influenced? Based on Shamse Tabrizie’s Critical view point regarding Mohyeddin, departure from Mohyeddin because of this fact? Since in many interpertations of Masnavi, Mawlavi has been interpreted based on Ebne Arabi, This is due to Mawlavie’s approach or the interpreters themselves? Some of Mowlavi’s poems may have connection with pantheism but generally Mowlavi is not pantheist. Interpretations that have been indeed are approach and interpretation of Commentators.

The goal of this study is assessment of social subject reflexes in Kurdish literature. Kurdish literature divided in two parts: writing and oral. The theoretical framework of study rooted in social literature theory. For This study we choose six books by theoretical sampling. Results show many social subject’s like: Kurdish social history, social problem and the story of live.

Semiology as a new approach in literary criticism is used to analyze different works and in the past 50 years i.e since 1964 literary experts have used it so as to analyze various texts. This kind of analysis regarding its range has been used in different scinces and texts. It should be said that creative texts due to using specific signs have been emphasized much more. Semiotic poetry analysis (classic and modern poems) can be a ground for it, and the literary texts can be realized best. This study aims to select the sonnet no. 1 from "Kolliyate Shams" of the Jalala-din-balkhi (edited by forozanfar) and to analyze the signs of literary and mystical as well as the relationship between the signifier and the signified will be clarified. To do it, at first literary semiotics was developed, then a sonnet from "Kolliyate Shams" based on this approach was analyzed. The study method is descriptive – analytical. The sonnet analysis shows that Mowlana didn’t mention the connotation meaning of words or signs, but he used the spiritual meaning and literary meaning in his works. In this sonnet, 21 literary signs and 11 mystical signs were analyzed.

Interest in nature and using natural elements in poems do not limit to special periods of life and humans in (modern and classical) areas of poetry. Using imagination and rhetorical and literary devices, poets attempt to address their desired concepts through nature, The naturalism of poets is divides into three categories: imitative, descriptive, and interpretative and synthetic. The naturalism approach is in classical poetry significantly different modern from poetry. In Nima Yooshij’s poems, the manifestation of nature was accompanied with different characteristics, including breaking with tradition, new language, special worldview, staying away from the unified order of poets, and presence of native and local elements. One of the poets who addressed the nature and natural elements through symbolism using Nima Yooshij’s view and modern language in the contemporary area is Shafiei Kadkani (M. Sereshk). In analyzing poems, as we move from early books of the poet toward his newer ones, we face more enriched language and conceptual developments. Studies showed that the poet used 18 natural elements more than others. He used terms and compounds, including rain, flower, spring, garden, cloud and wind with the highest frequency for expressing his individual, social, political, cultural and human thoughts relating to his environment and period.