نشریه زبان و ادب فارسی
پیاپی 11 (تابستان 1391)

In  this  article,  we  investigate  the  relation  between  language  and
culture, linguistically and psycholinguistically, excellently dealt with in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. After portraying the subject, we attempt to elucidate it with the analysis of pros and cons of the views on this area. It will then be claimed that the system of linguistic forms has a strong effect on the world-view of speakers and also acquiring and perceiving of many concepts,  relying  on  rational  and  empirical  evidences  extracted  from known languages such as English, Persian, Arabic and also distant languages such as Hopi, Maya, etc. Based on cognitive approach, we will also try to prove that single concepts and compound concepts, contrary to the assumption, function divergently in thinking process.

Hbsyh, any one of the poet's poetry is the conscience of her B sin, separation from relatives and friends, prison difficulties, resorting to elders and Amir and ... word says. In Arabic and Persian poetry, famous choral reputation  in  this  field  have  reached.  Abvfras  Hamdani,  poet  and composer Abbasid period of the "Romans" in Arabic literature, the lead ball is stolen from others. Bahar poet laureate of the poets of the period Constitutional Persian literature is considered that the prison years Bndmvyh that is pulled up to the order. This research is based on the American  school  in  comparative  literature  review  and  comparative analysis of themes and structures common or Hbsyh differently by the two poets pay. The basic research topics include:A) a short preface, writing about Hbsyh garlic in Persian and Arabic literature and research overview. B) Comparative analysis of the content and structure of para   Mvyh Abvfras and Bahar.

Formalists    consider    literary    works    without    concentration    of ersonality,spiritual,and beliefs of writer.According to them, a litrary work is an absolute form.Therefore, in confronting to a literary work, form is important,and not meaning.They believe that the literary world is different from the real world,and it is not expected to gain knowledge from literary works. According to formalists, literary feats is worth to criticize because of their clear language, syntax, and artistic methods. The poems of Hafez which is a high example of eloquence,the delicacy of the poetic style and sentences,   the   miracle   of   speech,   and   the   kinds   of   ambiguity ,obscurity,symmetry, paradox, and the rules of phonetics, meaning, and even spiritual matters,is one of the suitable texts to criticize according to formalists. In this paper, the writer criticizes a lyric poem of this poet from the view of formalists.

One of the masterpieces of Persian literature is the epic of “Rostam and Sohrâb”. One of the difficult couplets In this story, is at a time when Sohrâb is killed by mistake by Rostam and Rostam wants to construct a tomb for him; Rostam says: “If I construct a golden tomb for Sohrâb, when I leave the tomb, it will not abide; accordingly he construct a tomb with an underground cote (or hoofs) of hoofed quadrupeds (The word of “som” in Persian language conveys two meanings: 1.hoof, 2. underground cote). Researchers asked: why Rostam says such speaking? And why Rostam construct a tomb with underground cote (or hoofs) of hoofed quadrupeds. They tried to answer these questions with mythological approach and they disregard to atmosphere of the story. The author attempted to answer to these questions by considering the atmosphere of the story. In this tragedy, Sohrâb numbered an enemy; therefore if Rostam constructed a trimmed tomb for Sohrâb, the Iranian soldiery might to destroy that tomb; therefore Rostam chose an underground cote to bury Sohrâb and then hid the ground.

Passing time entails change and transformation, therefore, every Phenomenon, to be alive, should be associated with time. With regard to this, Persian language is not an exception, that is, it should be directed in a way that not only releases it from stiffeners but also leads it to eternity. These changes are acceptable if they originate from within the language itself. In this article two rules have been suggested in order to reach this end: A) Writing rules, that is, to continue the ancient rule of writing in eliminating the characters of “ ث و ح و ص و ض و ط و ظ و ع و ق” With the observation of this ancient rule we can gradually change these characters in to other ones, as it has been done with “ط” which has changed into “ت”. In continuation, it is possible to leave out some signs as in “Tashdid & Tanwin, Writing the words as they are spoken and leaving spaces between the words and characters. This section includes eight suggestion solutions. B) Conceptual rules, There are some different opinions as to writing words either separated or connected. With approving some general rules, it is possible to solve some of the problems of Persian writing instruction. In this article, I have tried to present to suggest some rules to facilitate learning Persian writing for both Persian and non- Persian speaking learners.

Type and modality of ‘description’ has always had significance and special  manifestation  in  the  poetry  of  different  periods  of  Persian Literature, so that study and analysis of descriptions is highly instrumental in stylistic trends of literary works. In contemporary poetry also analysis of   descriptions   in   many   cases   demonstrates   norm   –breaking   and innovative approaches of poets, in consequence of their regarding affairs from a novel viewpoint. Due  to  significance  of  descriptions  and  their  sublime  position  in literary works it is necessary to investigate these works in this regard. The present study firstly seeks to investigate types of description in Forough Farrokhzad’s poetry on the basis of some definitions in Arabic language and literature, and also the tropes the poet has practiced in this regard such as simile and personification as the most frequent ones. Secondly, epithets are analyzed in terms of grammatical concerns. These epithets are categorized according to Dr. Ali-mohamad Haghshenas’ Persian grammar and treatment of each epithet considering their grammatical structures is examined statistically.

Proverbs are part of the oral literature said and heard in each language and culture, but their subjects differ from society to society. They show the  interests  and  disgusts  of  every  society  and  in  fact  they  are  the reflection  of  the  culture  of  each  society,  as  well.  Characteristics  of proverbs include anonymous author, oral transmission from generation to generation, and unknown origin. Since the formation of a proverb has no logical or scientific base, whatever the members of a society distance themselves from traditional and irrational behavior towards rational manner, then the use of proverb is reduced and in approving or rejecting a case individuals use proverb less, as logical reasoning helps them more. Some of these proverbs has gender base. The aim of this article is to determine the amount of the use of gender proverbs among people in Tehran. The methodology is based on survey research method. Statistical population is people in Tehran and the measurement tool is researcher- made questionnaire. Gender proverbs were set among common proverbs and 71 people including men and women in Tehran had filled the questionnaires. One of the most important findings of this project is that the amount of the use of gender proverbs among men is 0.93 and among women is 0.74 in the 0-4 scale in this statistical population.

National identity plays such the most crucial role in forming plot and themes in an author's mind that characters in his story sometimes find the same identity. Migration in modern time is one of the ways which distant people from their national identity and culture and leaves them disserted in "liminal" space. Living in liminal space encounters migrated people with the most terrible challenge of their lives which coping with cultural shock. Asian people and specially women are facing with more serious challenge in this way, so some female authors, like JhumpaLahiri and MehrnooshMazarie, have tried to show the way women encounter with this challenge. This paper investigating challenging national identity of migrated oriental woman is postcolonial comparative study of abovementioned female authors' fictions. Migrated Asian women living at liminal space at west have to cope with accepting a new identity called transnational identity which is modern man's activity to forget his/her national identity and cultural roots and cope with new space's foreign culture. This paper aims at investigating characters and personal traits at both  authors'  works  to  study  the  way  transnational  identity  forms  in Iranian and Indian women living at west. The paper aims at studying the way  migrated  Asian  women  get  influence  by  receiving  transnational  identity. Also, using HomiBhabha postcolonial theories to study authors' fictions can show the true image of migrated Asian women at west. Since the Asian women with transnational identity are new women with new abilities and this image which need to be studied and presented, the paper aims at studying the new image of migrated Asian women by means they try to keep on their national culture and identity and live in borders of cultural spaces of multicultural society.