فصلنامه پژوهش های رشد و توسعه اقتصادی
پیاپی 38 (بهار 1399)

The main objective of this research is to determine the executive model of the policy of the requirement of the internal contribution to the program of foreign investment in large-scale projects. Since the investment decisions are heavily dependent on the production cost structure, the "cost modeling of systems" (SCM) method has been used to categorize and simplify the cost information in a desirable manner. Implementation of the internal commitment policy is aimed at supporting domestic production and technology transfer, and the deregulation of the entire production process. In order to support domestic production, there are other options, such as subsidy policies for domestic production and tariffs for goods and services. Therefore, in this research, the internal demand policy, in accordance with the principles and requirements governing international trade, applied through the World Trade Organization and other international organizations and institutions, is compared with other common choices. Finally, the proposed model has been developed for the requirement of internal contributions to oil and gas projects. The model has been determined for a gas refinery with a daily refueling capacity of 20 million cubic meters of gross natural gas, and the optimal share of domestic and foreign investment has been identified. In the project, the share of domestic sector is equal to 49.6% and the share of the foreign investor is 6 / 50% estimated. The welfare effects of the internal contribution requirement are also measured and described by comparing this policy with the policy of applying foreign investor's tariffs. The amount of public welfare resulting from the required internal contribution policy in the project under consideration is estimated at $ 220 million.

In the Iranian economy over the past few decades, the financial system has been subject to many restrictions, including the grading of bank interest rates. In this study, considering the economic conditions of Iran, the interest rate of bank deposit is determined by combining the two approaches of liberalization and financial development and financial constraint. In this way, contrary to the bank's interest rate order, the central bank has issued two interest rates as a ceiling and a bank interest rate to banks, which are upper and lower limits. Banks can then operate freely and competitively, depending on their performance, between profit and loss ceilings, and determine the appropriate rate of interest for the banks themselves and adjust the business cycle more quickly and maintain their finances. To do this, a smooth panel regression model (PSTR) with data from the central bank and commercial banks of the country in the interval (2006-2016) has been estimated high and low.bank deposit interest rates.

Regarding the importance of poverty as one of the important issues in the development economics literature, the present study addresses the factors affecting poverty by emphasizing the role of industrial development in the provinces of Iran, during the period from 2004 to 2015. The application of spatial models is desirable in regional science research based on regional sample data that has a spatial component. Therefore, in this research, spatial panel econometric models are used for model estimation. Foster, Greer and Thorbecke Index for poverty and the variables of industry's per capita value added, the depth of industrial activities (the ratio of industrial employment to the number of industrial workshops), the concentration index, and the relative regional advantage as indicators of industrial development, have been used along with the indicators of inequality and inflation in the research model. In the first scenario, the concentration index was used and in the second scenario, the relative regional advantage index was used. Findings of two research scenarios with spatial panel model indicate the positive effect of inequality, inflation and the concentration ratio on poverty as well as the negative impact of industry per capita value added, the depth of industrial activities and relative advantage based on employment on poverty. However, the regional relative advantage variables were not significant on the basis of added value, and industrial exports and human development index were not significant in the model. The results of spatial overflow effects indicate that poverty in the provinces is influenced by independent variables in neighboring provinces. It is suggested that industry sector policies be taken into account in order to increase the share of industry in domestic production.

Although there are many benefits to group activities and interactions in the group and it has been considered as one of the factors that affect the performance of the organization; but recently it has been argued that increasing monetary rewards in group activities will reduce the efforts of some agents (the incentive reversal). Regarding the probability of occurrence of this condition and its effect on cognitive factors such as gender, the main objective of this research is to investigate the effect of gender and gender composition on the occurrence of incentive reversal. In this framework, by providing a laboratory environment and using 210 players (students from Yazd and Ayatollah Haeri Meybod), a two-stage trio team was designed. The research hypotheses test showed that none of the two research hypotheses based on the gender effect and the gender composition on the incentive reversal have been approved.

In recent decades, fiscal decentralization as one of the most important factors affecting growth and improve productivity in the economy and balance of the regional more than ever is underlined by economists. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of fiscal decentralization on economic growth in provinces of iran from a different angle and specifically based on the principal components analysis (PCA) using econometrics method  of panel data in the period of 2004 -2015. The model based on the endogenous growth of this research was estimated based on Mean Group (MG), Poold Mean Group (PMG) and Fixed Effect Dynomic (FED) estimators, and a suitable pattern is determined using the Hausman test. By executing of panel co- integration tests, long- term relationships in terms of cross-sectional approach through fuly-Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) and Dynomic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) estimation methods has extracted and then, causality relations have investigated using the vector error correction approach (ECA). the findings of this study, based on data of 31 provinces of the country, show the positive effect of combined financial decentralization as a result of PCA technique on economic growth and the existence of a nonlinear relationship and the optimum level between combined fisical decentralization index and regional economic growth, so that this relationship with increasing combined fiscal decentralization is positive at low evels, and will be negative due to the costs of decentralization after crossing the peak point. Also, the long- term causality relation from independent variables, especially fiscal decentralization and it's squaring on production, is confirmed.

In the present study, using a Structural macroeconometric model of econometric structure, the effects and consequences of economic instability on economic growth of major macroeconomic sectors in Iran during the period of 1976-2016 have been investigated. First, using the principal component analysis method, an index for economic instability was created. In order to study the effect of this index, firstly, the data on exogenous variables were calculated using the predictive method and the ARIMA time series models, and in some cases also according to the average rate of the annual growth of that variable has been generated in several previous periods and then, with the change in each of the economic instability factors in 2018, the effect of this change on the intrinsic variables of the pattern (which includes the production of agricultural sectors, industries and mines, oil and gas, and services) was observed for the years 2018-2021. Any deviation in the process of moving the intrinsic variables of the pattern from the underlying trend is a result of economic instability on the variables studied. The results show that the lowest and the greatest gap (the effect of economic instability) between the underlying trend and the trend after economic instability is observed in the agricultural sector and the oil and gas sector.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between oil revenue, effective government capital spending and non-oil GDP in Iran in the 1990: Q1 to 2017: Q1 in the context of a BVAR model with main feature such as public investment inefficiencies in development objectives. In this regard a Bayesian Vector Auto Regressive (BVAR) Model was applied and Normal- Wishart in Prior Density Function selected by RMSE and Theil indices and impulse functions (IRF) in response to stochastic shocks was analyzed. Results from IRFs revealed oil revenue and non-oil GDP shocks tend to government capital spending slightly increase. Base as usual trends, public spending as foundation of development plan has not significant situation. The findings show that, with positive shocks in effective government spending, GDP without oil under all three scenarios increases, while the largest increase in non-oil GDP under the optimistic scenario corresponding to the lowest level of investment inefficiency. Results from IRFs revealed because of the structure of the economy that was largely unproductive and Dutch Disease phenomenon, the oil revenue increment has inverse effect on the growth of non-oil producing sector, and so on oil revenues not able to play an incentive and running role to non-oil GDP growth and overall national production.