فصلنامه راهبرد اقتصادی
پیاپی 29 (تابستان 1398)

Iran is among the most important oil-exporting countries in the world which enjoys the revenues of oil sales on providing public funding. The revenue of crude oil export in country constitutes a significant share of public budget. The aim of present study is to examine the effect of asymmetrical shocks of oil income on macroeconomic variables between 1970-2018.To investigate the relationship between Hamilton and Moorak oil shocks on macroeconomic variables auto regressive vector model is used. The results have shown that negative shock from Hamilton oil revenues compared to positive shock caused salient fluctuations on variables, but on positive and negative shocks of moorak, the effects of variables have been asymmetric. If positive and negative shocks to be entered on oil revenues, all the existing variables such as national gross income, national revenues, exports and imports of goods and services, government’s expenditures, inflation and private consumption will have reacted on incoming shocks.

The purpose of the present study is to use the dynamic conditional correlation method (DCC-GARCH) to examine the correlation structure in the seasonal data of exchange rate returns, stock market price index, gold price, oil price and housing price (rent index) over the period 1992 to It's 2016. The results obtained using OXMetrix software indicate that there is a high conditional correlation between gold and currency yields and the least conditional correlation is observed between housing and currency yields. In addition, by examining the conditional correlation diagram between returns on assets, there is a change in the conditional correlation process caused by global developments, indicating the impact of the world developments on Iranian economy.

The present paper tries to investigate the effect of liquidity volatility on income inequality in Iran with a new approach  using nonlinear ARDL(NARDL) techniques and Liquidity, unemployment rate, real GDP and Gini coefficient as research variables.The results of research showed that:Income inequality shows a significant reaction to liquidity fluctuations.The results of Wald Test showed that the impact of income inequality on liquidity fluctuations is  Symmetrical and other results indicate theThe positive effect of unemployment rate and the negative effect of gdp on inequality in Iran.

Financial markets, and especially the stock market, are one of the most important sources of financing investment projects in the path of economic growth and development, which are affected by various policies. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of government fiscal policies on the stock market in Iran, which is examined by presenting a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. To this end, in designing the model, government spending, consumption tax rate, capital tax rates and wages tax rates were considered as fiscal policy instruments. The results of the the impulse responses to a shock of fiscal policy instruments show that government spending shocks, capital tax shocks, and wage tax shocks lead to a decline in intermediary firms' profits and stock price indices, but Consumer tax shocks lead to increases the profits of intermediaries and the stock price index.

Russia deal with US sanctions has been able to gain a large share of world oil markets with its active economic and energy Diplomacy. With depencyEuropean economies to energy sorce of Russia have largely Deactivate US oil and gas sanctions, and even Russia has been successes against the United States Action and established a joint front with China and Venezuela against the United States. This article examines Russia's oil and gas strategies.The most important strategies of Russia are to depend on the European economy to Russia oil and gas, price regulation, transfer share of state oil companies to international companies, development of oil and gas pipeline, expansion of liquefied natural gas and its markets, and development of long-term cooperation with some of Iran's oil competitors Same as Saudi Arabia and Iraq. Also, given Europe's serious sanctions on joint ventures with Russia, its strategy has shifted from Europe to Asian countries. In the meantime, Iran's approach to using Russia's capacity as a partner or competitor in the oil and gas field is considerable. This article presents the Russian lessons learned in the above areas for the country. Russia has been attracting investment from Asian countries by establishing active diplomacy with Asian countries, which have largely resisted sanctions, and has offset the decline in relations with Western nations through this strategy. Transmission of oil through pipelines has been a factor in securing oil demand, and Russia has adopted one of its strategic policies in the field of transportation, oil and gas transmission through long-term contracts and pipelines. Increasing the role of international companies in Russia is part of its strategy to acquire technology or access its gas and oil export network.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have always been the focus of policymakers in different countries because of their very valuable capacity to create low-cost, high-efficiency employment. Given the high unemployment and necessity of employment as one of the most important concerns of policymakers in recent years, the present study focuses on the effective role of SME development strategies and policies in facilitating the process of setting up firms and Improving the business climate of countries.In this paper, the impact of business development policies on the development of small and medium-sized businesses was examined from both strategic development and operational development aspects, both of which had very high coefficients and their significant impact and relationship. Approved. It was also observed that in the dimension of strategic development, the variables "promotion of stakeholder satisfaction" and "promotion of labor and capital productivity" had the highest and the lowest coefficients, respectively. Among the variables related to the operational development, the variable "Increasing sales of products and services" had the highest and the variable "Risk management and strengthening of internal controls" had the lowest coefficient , both of which had their own relevant burden.