فصلنامه راهبرد اقتصادی
پیاپی 43 (زمستان 1401)

Governments are increasingly using economic tools such as trade and investment in power politics. How to use economic power to achieve geostrategic goals is one of the central topics in the contemporary international relations literature. Unlike the geopolitical approach, which relies on territorial characteristics, the geoeconomic approach, by exploiting asymmetric vulnerabilities in economic relations, opens another path for the application of power policies to states so that The use of economic power is one of the main tools in the macro strategy of countries. Geoeconomics, in addition to providing a framework for selecting strategic actions, is an analytical approach in the field of international relations. In this article, using the concept of geoeconomics, while criticizing the discourse of liberal interdependence, we explain how power and security today go beyond mere physical control over territorial borders and need to control economic relations with other countries. For this purpose, while introducing the basics of geoeconomic discourse, we meta-analyze theories and studies of geoeconomics and finally analyze the results, especially the application of geoeconomic approach in power politics. According to the findings of this study, strengthening the position of each country in the international order requires that policymakers focus on strategies to strengthen economic growth taking the geoeconomic opportunities into account. They should carefully identify their geoeconomic advantages and use geoeconomic tools to increase their economic competitiveness. They should also monitor the geo-economic initiatives of regional and international competitors and strengthen economic infrastructures and institutions against geo-economic threats, especially cyber attacks.

According to the Austrian School of Economics, money creation as the new purchasing power causes a boost in inequality because it is not simultaneously available to consumers. Therefore, imposing restrictions on money creation prevents the increase in inequality. Although assessing moral hazard and creditworthiness is an essential factor in credit supply, "Money Multiplier Theory" also considers it a function of the inflow of reserves and their supply by the central bank. In contrast, according to "Money Creation Theory," reserves are not a prerequisite for creating money. Banks' lack of need for reserves results in passive money creation, which is inelastic to the supply of reserves, and a large amount of it is made up of loans paid to related individuals and close to the bank. Although this kind of lending reduces the cost of evaluating creditworthiness, it provides new purchasing power to a small part of society who have access to new money earlier than others and are not limited to prudential rules such as the loan-to-value ratio. Analyzing the performance of the banking system in the Iranian economy shows that the amount of loans provided to people with a long-term relationship with the bank is beyond the limits specified in the prudential regulations.

Today, many countries, considering their domestic capacities and international opportunities, are trying to build a national brand in order to improve their national identity and present a powerful and inspiring image in foreign minds. The progress and development of Makran coasts relies on having a unique regional development strategy (RDS) whose requirements are derived from the upstream documents and general policies of the country. The main research question is what is the position of the concept of national brand in the regional development model of Makran coast based on upstream documents? The current research, using the method of thematic analysis, examined the upstream documents and selected general policies of the country and concluded eight requirements in the regional development model of Makran. The results show that in the eyes of policymakers, the realization of the development of Makran coast depends on the formulation of national plans based on regional advantages, the transformation of the Makran region into a set of large centers and economic hubs with an international role, the promotion of economic diplomacy (with priority to neighbors and Islamic countries), activation The role of transit (with emphasis on the North-South corridor) is to pay attention to the government's protectionist attitude towards the regional development of Makran, give priority to knowledge-based industries and businesses, build a national brand, strengthen tourism and export handicrafts.

The exchange rate is recognized as one of the main variables in the economies of less developed countries,which is a key relative price in the economy and its changes are affected not only trade flows and balance of payments,but also the structure and The level of production,consumption, employment and resource allocation.Over‏the past four decades, the Iranian economy has experienced four currency crises,the last of which was the currency crisis in 2018.Examining the causes and factors of the currency crisis shows that domestic factors such as macroeconomic policies,the economic structure of the country and the degree of independence of the central bank, as well as external factors such as the international economic environment and various sanctions and threats can lead to currency crises.The present study,with the pathology of foreign exchange market management mechanisms,the role of the central‏bank in dealing with foreign exchange crises has‏been discussed.In this research,by using55research sources by interviewing the country's foreign exchange experts and studying books,articles,reports related to the harms to foreign exchange market management mechanisms was extracted,coded and have been classified to5themes and analyzed using the content analysis method.This research shows;problems and damages caused by the structure of the foreign exchange market,lack or weakness of some essential active strategies in foreign exchange market management,lack of some tools or weaknesses in the tools used in the Iranian foreign exchange system and lack of the independence and passivity of foreign exchange policymakers towards dynamic foreign exchange management have led to the inefficiency of foreign exchange market management policies.

Based on the official statistics from the last census, the province of Sistan and Baluchistan has a lower rank than other provinces in lots of cases and even the lowest rank in indexes such as economic participation and literacy. The lack of progress in Sistan and Baluchistan" can be explored through different points of view, but one of the most prominent obstacles to progress in this province is its economic culture by which, despite having qualifications, it has remained unprogressed. This study aimed to identify economic cultural elements of Sistan and Baluchistan that have already brought a lack of progress. This research has been done, using the qualitative strategy of grounded theory (systematic approach) and its data collection method was semi-structured interviews that continued to get theoretical saturation. Based on the data analysis of 13 interviews, the core category of "ideal-less society" emerged. This category is affected by the causal conditions of "the sense of marginality; limited basic economic attitudes; constraints of the progress infrastructures; and lack of authentic economic guidance of the society" and strategies of "paying attention to immediate needs; lack of good economic management at the micro level; and swank behavior” are taken by actors of this province in response to this core category. These strategies are channelized by the contexts of "Failure to make proper use of the social capital of the province in the direction of progress and failure to make proper use of the value adherence of the society in the direction of progress” and the intervening conditions of "social arrogance and patriarchy" that lead to consequences of "feeling duality toward government and underground economy".

Nowadays, tourism is referred to as industry due to the breadth of services provided. Meanwhile, the development of tourism requires the fulfillment of preconditions. One of them is security while without it travel will not take place. In fact, the most important factor in formulating tourism development strategies in the world is security. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of terrorism as an important factor disrupting national and regional security on tourism. To achieve the purpose of this study, the dynamic panel data (GMM) method has been used for 128 countries and from 2002 to 2018. The results of the study show that the effect of terrorism on tourism is negative on tourism. The results show that the effect of terrorism on tourism is negative and the feeling of insecurity reduces tourists' entrance into countries that do not have the appropriate level of safety. Therefore, it is suggested that countries try to establish the security of the country and the region for the development of tourism, because the security of the region will also affect the security of the target country.