فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 43 (زمستان 1398)

The goal of many Pakistani independence leaders was linked to Islam even in the years of the struggle. After separation from India, the creation of an Islamic state or a country for the good of the Muslims was desirable. Since 1958,with the coup of the army, by 1988,three of them (known as Ayyub Khan, Zolfaghari Ali Bhutto and Zia-ul-Haq, respectively)came to Pakistan to prioritize their actions in relation to Islam and help in society. The position assigned toIslam in the claims ofall three individuals and their differences in the type of Islam's plan and then its exploitation is a question that this article aims to answer, as well as to clarify that in benefiting from Islam What models were introduced and how they were put into practice. The process of research and its findings will help in hypothesising. The findings show that initially the tendency towards modernization and the presenting of a new interpretation of Islam and the review of the role and influence of religious institutions were discussed and, in the future, towards a more intense development ofinnovative and consistent interests ofshowing Islam with community-based thoughts and Socialist movement, and eventually a long decade of Islamization was experienced in the light of the presence of the military.

  Undoubtedly up to now transferring humans and things to different cities and areas, have taken place via the roads. Roads are important from social, political, military, economic and cultural perspectives. Due to Anatoli’s special geographical location and since it is a bridge for transportation between East and West, it had been the focus of attention for different folks, and each of the governments (in that period) made use of the different functions of roads on the basis of their needs.This study strived to discuss using these roads by Seljuk Sultans, by identifying highways of Anatoli and claiming business functions of those roads. The most important achievements of the present study are identifying migration, business of Anatoli in Seljuk Monarchs’ period and drawing maps of those roads. The results of the study show that the Seljuk Sultans have played a significant role in exploiting the  Anatolian commercial ways by identifying the routes if commercial routes,creating inns,holding markets in the path of trade routes,receiving less damage from the state treasury and provided regions business prosperity and trade development.

The eastern regions of Gilan are among the first areas where Shi'a religion was prevalent. In a number of religious monuments (boghe) of these areas, a painting on the plaster is available includes a description of the suffering of Imam Hussein (as) and his companions on Ashura day, the Mi'raj of Prophet with Donating a ring to a lion (the right of succession to Imam Ali (as)), Ali (as) is fighting the dragon, Imam Reza (AS) as the guarantor deer, Imam Kazim (AS) in the Harun Prison and....The dates available in some of these works indicate their belonging to the Qajar period. But it seems that the Appearance of the boghe wall paintings is related to the Safavid period and simultaneously with the spread of Shiite religion.In the present research, we seek to answer these questions: boghe wall paintings have been created to meet the needs of the community? What is the dispersion of boghe in different regions of Guilan? The purpose of this research is to identify the various aspects of Shi'a beliefs on the boghe wall paintings.

On the part of the Ottoman Caliphs, great corrective guidelines, During the three Decrees on the implementation of new reforms in the Ottoman community, The first instructor known as the Noble Decreeing  Gallery in 1839  And one year later another command called Homayoun's Decreeing. And five years later, a third command was issued under the title of Homayoun Thani's Decreeing. The basis of these decrees and instructions, in establishing the law,Modern office Equality of persons against the law Fair trial,Creating new schools, And the Ministry of Education. The changes of the Ottoman society from the viewpoint of the newly established Qajar dynasties, especially during the time of Naser e Din Shah, should not be hidden. And by modifying the Ottoman regime in Iran, they made similar measures and reforms. The changes of the Ottoman society from the viewpoint of the newly established Qajar dynasties, especially during the time of Naser e Din Shah, should not be hidden. And by modifying the osmani regime in Iran, they  made similar measures and reforms.In this research, the effect of Ottman adjustments on the modernization measures of the Qajar statesmen who have not been studied and thoroughly investigated are discussed.

Caucasus was particularly important in the past due to the special geographic location, such as the bridge between the Islamic lands and Christian Europe, and an important part of the economic and cultural exchanges with Europe was done through this region. In this land, there were four main transit routes of goods, between the Islamic world and Christian Europe, where products and goods of the East and West were exchanged. The purpose of this research is to investigate the importance of these trade routes from the first century to the fifth century. This research, as a historical research with a descriptive and analytical method and based on library studies, after mentioning the introduction and generalities, examines the importance of these commercial routes, and ultimately concludes that Caucasus,as one of the most important links with Europe, played a major role in conveying the achievements of the East and West nations together

Despite the rationalistic approach of the Zaydis of Yemen, at the turn of the 5th lunar century (11th century CE) a ghuluww-oriented current developed. This current took form after one of the Zaydi Imam called Husayn ibn Qāsim al-`Ayānī had been slain on the basis of his occultation and propounding unfamiliar and exaggerated beliefs about him and was most known as "Husayniyyah". The claims of Husayn ibn Qāsim al-`Ayānī had their effects on the origination of this current, however, the main role should be given to his successors and followers. Preserving the political authority in the al-`Ayānī family, resistance against the opponents of the Zaydi faith, and protecting the relations with certain of political allies are among major motivations of the propounding of the occultation of Husayn ibn Qāsim and holding exaggerated beliefs about him. While the existence of ghuluww-oriented inclinations among certain of Yemeni tribes had intellectually paved the way for development of this current. Having applied a descriptive-analytical approach this study intends to address the causes and effective grounds for development of this sect among the Yemeni Zaydis.