نشریه شهر ایمن
پیاپی 6 (تابستان 1398)

The use of inertial defense measures and considerations as preventive action, in addition to the sharp reduction of costs, increased the defense effectiveness of plans, goals and projects during the time of enemy invasion and in emergencies, and sought it will reduce the severity of the vulnerability. Open spaces between residential blocks can be one of the most important spatial planning spheres in terms of passive defense. Because these spaces can have a critical role in reducing vulnerability in times of crisis due to their lack of ownership and their belonging to the general public, for purposes such as relief, temporary accommodation, and the like. The main purpose of writing the article is to extract and compile the technical criteria that are used to improve the design of the architecture of open spaces between residential blocks based on the requirements of non-operational defense and to promote national capabilities in order to protect physical assets And especially the human being of the country, plays an important role. In the present article, based on written studies and libraries and a descriptive-analytical method, the basic concepts are defined first. Then, the role and effects of space in the architecture of buildings was explained. In the following, the spaces between building blocks and open space form are explained based on the layout and typology of residential complexes. In the next step, the principles of non-passive outdoor defense are outlined among residential complexes. Finally, the general characteristics of the transformation of the space between residential complexes into urban open spaces according to the principles of passive defense, were determined by the decision-making method of likening to the ideal option (TOPSIS). The results show that three indexes of privacy and territory, flexibility and permeability, respectively, have priority for the design of open spaces between residential blocks in accordance with non-operational defense principles. With the clever design of these spaces, with these three criteria, not only can a large extent be prevented from the vulnerability of residential space in critical situations at the time of the initial attack, but can also be created by creating beautiful spaces that are architecturally rich Spaces added to normal times.

Today, application of passive defense principles in urban planning with the objective of minimizing man-made threats is important. Therefore, to risk management preparedness, the evaluation of the urban phisical’ vulnerability and identification of the valnerable areas are needed. To this end, the main goals of this paper are i) determining the importance of each criteria that affects on the vulnerability level; ii) evaluation of vulnerability levels in Shiraz metropolitan areas based on these criteria; iii) identification of the valnerable districts under probably manmade threats. methodology type of current research was a descriptive-analytical and applied in the case study. In order to identify the vulnerable areas in Shiraz, combined model was utilized, which was comprised Of Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and Ordered Weighted Averaging with geographical information system capabilities. The criteria used in this paper were extracted from the theoretical reviews and then, the FAHP method were applied to determining the importance of each criteria. The fuzzy criteria maps were generated using fuzzy membership functions in GIS at city block level. next, fuzzy maps were overlaid using fuzzy Weighted Linear Combination(WLC) function. The OWA method was applied to generate city-scale vulnerability final maps at five risk levels. The results of the present study indicated that in high risk-taking condition (Degree of Orness=1), 27% of the urban blocks in Shiraz were at very high vulnerability conditions that include districts number of 8 and 2 and parts of the 1, 5, 12 and 4; on the other hand, 65% of the urban blocks in this city were in the middle vulnerability conditions.

This paper was proposed with the aim of energy management in smart buildings with maximum recharge in Tehran. The method of this research was descriptive-analytic. The statistical population of the study was a group of experts in the field of passive defense, including 5 university professors in the field of energy with Ph.D. degree, 10 graduate students in energy sciences and 5 Ph.D. degrees in energy. As a sample, a 5-floor residential building in Tehran city in 2013 which has a geometric form is selected. In order to prove the hypotheses, computer simulations and analysis were used. The findings showed that resilience to the capacity to absorb hazard, return from disaster and adaptation to changing circumstances and it can be used with intelligent energy management systems in buildings to save up to 40% of energy consumption, and to have safety and security in the building and to achieve maximum resilience, which is the same in the event of an emergency and crisis, In intelligent buildings that include intelligent management systems including: System with scheduling, temperature optimization and demand control are used the three sub-systems simultaneously, maximum resonance can be obtained (Which is in fact similar to the time-temperature optimization system. With the difference that it also controls the power consumption by connecting control clocks).

Assessing and analyzing how the spatial distribution of urban areas in the face of potential natural disasters is one of the important strategies that can be effective in managing vulnerability and ensuring optimal city security. The spatial dimension of this issue can be considered in assessing the physical safety of the texture of the city of Kashan from the perspective of passive defense, especially the historical sites that are more vulnerable and more important. Also, the disparity of the old access network with the needs of today and against the crisis, and the lack of road network and the lack of adequate infrastructure for the relief and temporary accommodation of the injured, the compression and density of parts, high tensile alleys Lack of proper access and lack of open spaces to accommodate the injured has caused the city’s historical context to be more vulnerable. By observing the requirements of non-operational defense in this research, it increases the awareness and participation of residents and government and the resilience in the context. will be. However, the aim of this research is to realize the safety of the vulnerable tissue of Kashan city from the perspective of non-operating defense. The research method of this research is in terms of purpose, theoretical-practical, field of field, nature and method, descriptive-documentary and analytical type of surveying. The analysis method in this quantitative and qualitative research is weighted by ANP network analysis (in the SUPER DECISIONS software package). The results indicate that the physical properties of the building as one of the physical safety measures along with Physical access has the greatest impact on natural disasters and has the highest role with relative weight (0.46) in the physical safety of neighborhoods of historical texture.

Risk assessment studies for existing buildings against human threats Nowadays, due to the increasing spread of threats in all developed and developing countries of the world, there is a need for the presence of engineers and other experts, including military-security experts. In accordance with commonly used risk assessment methods in this area, the vulnerability assessment variable is one that requires engineers to construct intentional intentions to determine the vulnerabilities of buildings against all kinds of human threats. In this paper, office buildings are considered critical considering the high probability of the occurrence of the threat and according to past records. In order to determine the priority of vulnerability assessment architecture criteria, first of all, determination of the type of threat should be made. In this article, the threat of a terrorist explosion was limited to less than 30 meters. In order to select architectural criteria for vulnerability assessment, by conducting library studies, ten major criteria have been evaluated to assess the integration of DEMETL method and network analysis. Due to the need for network analysis to determine the dependencies among the criteria, this dependence was determined by the method of DEMETL and then the initial model was mapped into the superstring software. In order to determine the weight of each criterion, paired comparisons were performed in the software environment and the incidence rate was controlled in all cases. According to the results of the “Building Exterior”, “Building Configuration” and “Building-to-Building Ratio” criteria, the three key architectures that will affect the vulnerability assessment process for office buildings will be critical.

The occurrence of fire in high-rise buildings may cause great damage to property and mortality. Therefore, the recognition of fire risks for high-rise buildings is an important step to preserve fire safety in high-rise buildings. In this regard, the main objective of this study is to identify fire risks for high-rise buildings. Based on the purpose, the present study is an applied research and in terms of the methodology is a descriptive-exploratory study. The statistical population of the study is all fire stations of Tehran province, which the commanders of fire brigade were selected as the statistical unit. In order to collect data, library and field methods and a researcher-made questionnaire were used. Based on an in-depth review of past studies, the subsidiary fire risks for high-rise buildings were extracted. Then, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to identify and confirm the main fire risks. The obtained results reveal seven risks as follows; “risk of catastrophic factors”, “risk of fire safety equipment in building”, “risk of firefighting brigade”, “risk of fire safety management status”, “human behavior risk”, “risk of building’s fire performance”, and “fire safety evacuation risk”. The identified risks could provide useful insights and views for fire engineers and firefighters towards preventing and extinguishing fire in high-rise buildings. The present study could expand theoretical literature on fire risks for high-rise buildings and create a deep insight into the provision of a set of guidances to protect fire safety.

The rapid development of technology has influenced cities in terms of activity, spatial and physical aspects, and has influenced the state of demand for urban quality. In addition, population growth in cities has challenged urban planners with the challenge of allocating urban land use, which is considered to be a limited resource in the city. The purpose of this research is to present a new approach to urban land use planning with the analysis of the effects of ICT on urban land use and taking into account the new capabilities that cyberspace provides to urban spaces. This paper is categorized as practical and descriptive – analytical researches. Planning priorities of the case study was done using PROMETHEE method. The findings show that according to the six main dimensions of the city, which is influenced by ICT(smart city), each of which is equivalent to its corresponding land use, urban land use planning, which is appropriate for these developments, has a different prioritization than traditional methods. So that district 3 and 2 in the study area are in good condition and areas 4 and 1 need to be reviewed in the planning with the priority of commercial-residential, commercial, office, access network, transportation, facilities and equipment, parking, educational and cultural. Based on the results, the allocation of land use by considering the space of flows as a complementary to the space of places is presented as a new capacity for urban land use planning.

In every population, people are in the range of perfectly healthy to the worst level of disability. Meeting the need for individual autonomy with every level of ability while providing Safe accessibility is one of the principles of inclusive design in which architecture plays a major role. By inclusive design, urban and residential environments can be safely accessible to people with physical limitations, thus maintaining and enhancing their presence in personal and social life. This research seeks to find and present the effective components of inclusive design in both the housing and neighborhood areas, as this provides secure access and eliminates the dependency of the disabled on the other people. In this research, a quantitative-qualitative (hybrid) method was used with the help of a content analysis method. First, using documentary sources including books, articles, theses, and research reports, collected the principles and standards of inclusive housing design, and then with a special approach to the principle of safe accessibility, general principles of inclusive housing design in both scales of home and neighborhood Were extracted. To assess the safety status of the access and the inclusivity of the use of the inclusive design in the residential environment, field observation in the Evin neighborhood was divided into three areas: 1) Main streets, 2) Neighborhood units, and 2) Residential entrances. In this study, the Delphi technique, using a random sampling method, was used. Based on the findings of the field observation and the results of the questionnaire, it can be concluded that Safe accessibility is one of the basic needs of an inclusive neighborhood that meets the basic needs of the pedestrian access network, namely the realization of all Inclusivity, which are being formed with the help of safety and security and attention to the principles and relevant standards. The results also showed that the continuity of the pedestrian path and the lack of exposure to obstacles are the most critical factors that can lead to the realization of a secure residential environment