مجله رویکردهای نوین در مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 5 (تابستان 1393)

The aim of this study was to present a successful model in order to implement knowledge management in physical education faculties of Islamic Azad Universities from organizational culture perspective. The statistical population consisted of the scientific members of physical education faculties of Islamic Azad Universities. The validity of the applied questionnaire was obtained from 14 experts and the reliability was determined by Cronbach's alpha (α=76.6) and then it was distributed among the population. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. One sample t test was used for data analysis and statistical hypothesis testing. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to identify latent variables. To test the hypotheses, the structural equation model by SPSS and LISREL were used. Findings showed that organizational culture highly influenced the success in implementing knowledge management. So, authorities should consider that the organizational culture is very effective for efficient application of knowledge management and they should change or modify undesirable and ineffective indexes through the management of organizational culture change.

This study aimed at surveying creative educational climate from the perspective of physical education students of Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran. The descriptive-analytical method was used in this survey. The statistical population consisted of 295 physical education students of Shahid Beheshti University and according to Morgan table, 167 questionnaires were distributed among them and 148 questionnaires were returned to the researchers. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect the data. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and K-S test, independent t test and ANOVA were used (α=0.05). The results showed that from the students' perspective, discussion and debate, freedom and proposed ideas occupied the first to third place respectively, and risk taking and challenges were the last out of the ten factors influencing creative educational climate. In inferential statistics, independent t test results showed no significant differences between the perspectives of male and female students on creative educational climate (sig=0.955). Overall, results showed that risk taking and challenges factors were placed in the lower positions from the students' perspective on creative educational climate and educational authorities and professors should consider this issue.

The aim of this study was to identify external and internal factors of sport tourism in Hormozgan province and to prioritize its effective indices (SWOT). This study was a descriptive survey. The population consisted of all experts of sport tourism in this province and 84 subjects were selected as the sample. A 50-item researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure those factors influencing sport tourism in five indices of economic and marketing, social and cultural, tourist attractions, sports equipment, facilities and events, transport in terms of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire (0.89). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The results showed that overlooking the sea and the Persian Gulf countries and free zones and beaches was the most important strength; lack of scientific marketing with the help of sport tourism experts was the main drawback; the situation of this province in water sports was the most important opportunity and poor rail transport was the main threat to tourism in the province. Tourism attractions were more effective than other indices in their prioritization.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between knowledge management and its components and knowledge-based economics in Sport and Youth general office of Khorasan Razavi province. This was a descriptive-correlation study. The statistical population consisted of 82 subjects which was equal to the statistic sample. Sheron Lawson (2003) Knowledge Management Questionnaire and Knowledge-Based Questionnaire of Zahedi and Kheyrandish (2007) were used to collect data. For statistical data analysis, Kolmogorov- Smirnov, Pearson, Durbin Watson, and Multiple Regression tests were applied. The results revealed a significant and positive relationship between knowledge management and its components and knowledge-based economics (P≤0.001). Moreover, the results of Durbin Watson test demonstrated that knowledge management explained 68.8% of knowledge-based economics. Additionally, the indices of knowledge creation (t=3.470, P=0.001) and knowledge organization (t=2.667, P=0.010) had significant and qualified predictive relationships to obtain knowledge-based economics in Sport and Youth general office of Khorasan Razavi. In order to facilitate and accelerate the implementation of knowledge-based economics elements in sports organizations, it is recommended that the appropriate mechanisms should be designed and implemented so that two dimensions of knowledge management including knowledge creation and knowledge organization can be achieved.

In the professional sport industry, stadium is an important place where spectators directly consume and experience sports. The aim of the present study was to represent a conceptual model of the causal relationship between auditory and visual atmosphere and spectators' attraction and intention to revisit stadiums. 403 spectators (127 females and 276 males) of volleyball and football super leagues were selected via multi-stage random method and completed a questionnaire related to spectators' attraction and intention to revisit. To measure the relationship between auditory and visual factors of spectators, a researcher-made scale based on Lee et al. (2009) study was used and Cronin, Brady and Hult (2000) measurement scale was applied to measure the rate of spectators' attraction and intention to revisit. The questionnaire validity was approved by 10 experts and its reliability was determined as 0.92 by retest and internal consistency (Cronbach alpha). The findings of structural equation model showed that visual (0.71) and auditory (0.58) factors (the design of stadiums, color, lighting, aesthetics and quality of acoustic systems) had a direct effect on spectators' enjoyment and experience in stadiums. According to results, there was a direct and positive relationship between these factors and spectators' attraction and intention to revisit stadiums.

The aim of this study was to analyze the causal relationship between brand equity and loyalty in fans of Iran football premier League clubs (2013-2014). This study was a practical one in terms of aim and a causal one in terms of nature and it was conducted as a survey. The statistical population consisted of the fans of Iran football premier league clubs. The sample size was estimated by statistical formula (n=1058). A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the data and its reliability and validity were tested for this study (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient 0.90). SPSS version 20 and AMOS Graphics version 21 were used for data analysis. The results showed that both factorial and structured models benefited from good fit. All fitting indices were in an acceptable range for both models indicating their acceptability in terms of quantity and statistics. According to these results, brand equity had a very strong, significant, positive causal effect on fans' loyalty. In addition, according to the standard path coefficient, it is inferred that brand equity accounted for 96% of changes related to fans' loyalty.

The aim of this study was to identify strategies and consequences of communalizing recreational sports in Iran. To this end, the research strategy of grounded theory was used in a systematic way. The statistical population consisted of experts of leisure and recreational sports. The method of sampling was purposive and snowball and focus groups techniques were used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 7 experts and a centralized focus group meeting was held as well. In the analysis of qualitative data obtained from interviews and focus groups, 30 pivotal codes were determined and then arranged in 5 separate categories that resulted in five strategies: (1) quantitative development of participation in recreational sports, (2) promoting the culture of dynamism in life, (3) development of training sports in formal training centers, (4) organizational development of recreational sports, and (5) development of sport and recreation facilities. 18 consequences of the implementation of the strategies were classified in five groups. According to the provided strategies and consequences, providing equal chances for everyone in Iranian community to constantly participate in sports can be insured regardless of age, gender, economic affordability, social class, skills and disabilities.

The aim of this study was to measure validity and reliability of the Constraint on Leisure Scale in Iranian elderly. 552 elderly (347 males, 205 females) with age range of 60 years and over were selected by multistage method. Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire and Constraint on Leisure Scales (Hubbard & Mannell, 2001) were used to collect data. Confirmatory factor analysis for construct validity, Pearson correlation coefficient for internal consistency of construct validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for reliability to be used. Results showed that the Constraint on Leisure Scale had an acceptable reliability and validity for Iranian elderly. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the scale was approved appropriately. Internal consistency of this scale was acceptable in total and in three subscales (total Cronbach's alpha=0.86). Also, there was a significant correlation between items and factors and also between factors and total scale which showed that these questions assessed a similar subject. This study represented the acceptable reliability and validity of Persian version of Constraint on Leisure Scale in Iranian elderly with three factors including intrapersonal, interpersonal and structure which was applicable in Iranian society.