مجله رویکردهای نوین در مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 7 (زمستان 1393)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of advertising on attracting and retaining customers in selected aquatic sport complexes of Iran. The method in this study was application in terms of aim and a descriptive survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population consisted of 400 customers of aquatic sports complexes (Water Waves Land of Mashhad, Iranians Water Park of Mashhad, Sunshine Coast of Mashhad, Pars Aqua Village of Tehran). The required data were obtained by a researcher-made questionnaire that was approved by 7 professors of sports management, its construct validity was obtained with exploratory factor analysis and reliability was determined based on Cronbach's alpha as 0.887 in selected aquatic sport complexes of Iran in 2014. To check for normal distribution of variables, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (KS) was used; one-sample t test was applied to attract and retain customers and ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc test were used to compare aquatic complexes. The results revealed that advertisement of these aquatic sports complexes affected attracting (attention, interest, desire, action) and retaining (trust, satisfaction and loyalty) of customers and there was a significant difference among them in only attracting and not retaining customers. In order to evaluate advertising, a proposed model was presented.

The current study aimed at predicting and modeling social capital based on psychological capital factors in physical education teachers. The population consisted of all physical education teachers in Qazvin city (N=270). 120 subjects were selected by the disproportionate stratified random sampling method using a sample size of modeling studies. The method of this study was correlation conducted through structural equation modeling (path analysis). Data were collected using Luthans’ Psychological Capital Questionnaire (2007) and Khodadad et al. Social Capital Questionnaire (2011). Face and content validity of these questionnaires were confirmed by experts and their reliability was determined through Cronbach’ alpha as α=0.78 for Psychological Capital Questionnaire and α=0.90 for Social Capital Questionnaire. The obtained results supported the given structural relationships and generally showed that hope, self-efficacy and resilience directly and optimism indirectly and with the mediation of the above mentioned factors affected social capital. Moreover, hope could affect social capital indirectly with the mediation of self-efficacy. There was no significant effect and relationship between optimism and resilience and self-efficacy which had the highest effect on social capital.

This research aimed at evaluating and prioritizing factors affecting administrative corruption in soccer from the perspectives of the experts in the field. Research method was application in terms of aim, and analytical and descriptive in terms of method. Therefore, viewpoints of 50 sport experts who were  aware of financial issues in soccer including 8 specialist in soccer and media, 7 specialists in soccer economy and marketing, 20 specialists in soccer and culture, and 15 specialists in professional coaching and refereeing were analyzed using Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP). Firstly, questionnaire of paired comparisons was provided, face and content validity was confirmed by 5 university professors and its reliability was set as yardstick regarding inconsistency rate (0.1). Secondly, relative weight of each criteria and yardsticks was calculated for the purpose of prioritization. The results showed that organizational features (weight 0.280) was in the first priority and economic factors (weight 0.230), cultural factors (weight 0.188), individual characteristics of the employees (weight 0.175) and regulations (weight 0.127) respectively caused corruption in soccer.

The qualitative evaluation of the webpages from the perspectives of the users has an influential role in their design and development particularly in sport federations because it familiarizes the web developers with the attitudes of the users and helps them to create user-oriented websites in today’s competitive market. Web-Qual as an evaluation model of the webpages tries to offer an image of the quality of the website from the perspectives of the users in existing and expected situations. In the present study, attempts were made to analyze and investigate the quality of the webpages of the Football Federation via a survey-analytical approach using the latest version of Web-Qual model (A-Qual).  For face and content validity of the questionnaire, the viewpoints of the experts (n=30) and for reliability, Cronbach Alpha (0.76) were used. Also, in order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. The findings indicated a significant difference between the expected quality and the existing quality from the users' viewpoints. Websites are considered as a kind of information system created to depict a real image of the organization and to inform about those services the organization offers to customers and users. The extent to which the websites accomplish the set objectives reflects their quality. Satisfying the users and customers and meeting their demands is the most important factor of the quality.

This study aimed at comparing the motivations of women's participation in recreational water sports in Khorasan Razavi province. 283 women in Khorasan Razavi province (from 5 regions of north, south, east, west and center of the province) were selected using cluster random sampling method as the statistical sample. A researcher-made questionnaire that consisted of two parts: demographic features (age, marital status, job, education, etc.) and motivations of women's participation in recreational water sports. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed a significant difference in priorities of motivations for women's participation in recreational water sports and pleasure and relaxation was the most important motivation for their participation in recreational water sports. Prevention and treatment was significantly higher in married women. There was a significant difference in factor of skill as one of the motivations of women's participation in recreational water sports among subjects with different educational levels. Results of this study can help develop plans that enhance women's participation in recreational water sports.

This study aimed at determining the relationship between socioeconomic status and motivation to participate in sports activities in the disabled and veterans of Chaharmahal-va-Bakhtiary province. The present study was descriptive correlation and 167 athlete disabled and veterans were selected as the study sample. The Questionnaire of Socioeconomic Status (Ghodratnama, 2013) and Motivation to Participate in Physical Activity Questionnaire by Hung (2010) were used. Their reliability was determined by Cronbach's alpha (Socioeconomic Status: α=0.86 and Motivation to Participate in Physical Activity: α=0.81) and their face validity was confirmed by 12 physical education professors. Descriptive and inferential statistics including Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple liner regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results showed a direct and significant relationship between socioeconomic status and motivation to participate (r=0.226, P=0.01). There was a direct and significant relationship between rate of income, economic class and education (the components of the socioeconomic status) and the motivation to participate in sports activities. However, there was no significant relationship between housing status and motivation to participate in sports activities. Results of multiple regression showed that the rate of income (β=0.197) and education (β=0.201) were the most important predictors of motivation to participate in sports activities in the disabled and veterans.

The present study aimed at providing a model of psychological empowerment in Ministry of Sport and Youth of Islamic Republic of Iran. Organizational structure and innovative organizational culture were considered as predictor variables which were internal organizational factors affecting empowerment. Psychological empowerment was considered as the criterion variable. The statistical population consisted of all experts and managers of the Ministry of Sport and Youth and 203 subjects were selected as the statistical sample by stratified random sampling method. To assess internal organizational factors, Haghshenas Questionnaire (0.87 reliability) was used and to assess psychological empowerment of employees, Spritzer’s 12-item questionnaire (0.81 reliability coefficient) was applied. For analysis of data, one-sample t test and path analysis were used. Finally, Structural Equations Method and LISREL software were used to design the model. The results showed that the level of organic organizational structure, innovative organizational culture and psychological empowerment was below average. A causal relationship was observed between each of the internal organizational factors and the psychological empowerment. The results indicated that the Ministry of Sport and Youth did not have an organic structure and innovative culture.