پژوهش نامه مطالعات مرزی
پیاپی 25 (پاییز 1398)

Establishing security and maintaining it in the border areas is one of the most important issues facing countries. Security challenges in border regions are of intra-border or cross-border origin and are shaped in military, cultural, economic, and political formats. Developments in neighboring countries can have security implications for their neighbors. Given the importance of security in border areas, the purpose of this study is to understand the consequences of geopolitical change in Iraqi Kurdistan climate and its impact on the security of Iran's western borders. The research method was descriptive-analytical and library documents were used for data collection as well as analysis of reports submitted to national and international reputable news agencies and sites. The findings show that due to the ethnic, linguistic, religious and cultural similarities between the Iraqi Kurdistan region and the western provinces of the country, any changes in this region have a reflection on the security of the western border areas of Iran. The results show that the change in the geopolitics of Iraqi Kurdistan has affected security in the western border areas of Iran in three areas: political security, economic security and cultural security.

The relationship between security and factors affecting tourism , the study of how the impact of social security on boundary destinations on the perceived value of tourism development and the participation and support of residents in these destinations has been neglected. However, because of the need for this tourism city to grow tourism businesses in the border region of Germi, and because of its small size, attention to security issues, especially the social security of the tourism sector, has contributed to the boom of the industry. Accordingly the impact of social security on these factors is higher in the Germi city. Also, due to the small population size of the city, psychological factors such as place attachment are also influential in these relationships. Accordingly, the present study has attempted to investigate the relationship between research variables to increase understanding of the impact of social security promotion on the perceived value of tourism development and participation and support of residents in boundary destinations and the moderation of residents' attachment to destinations and will help and increase the knowledge available in this field.

The present study is an applied and descriptive-analytic study. The population of this study is residents of Germi city in 2017. Sample size was calculated using Cochran formula. Indicators of the research questionnaire were obtained and localized from related studies and backgrounds. The validity and reliability of the research model and data analysis were determined using structural equation modeling analysis in SMART PLS software.

The findings of the study showed that social security has a positive and significant effect on perceived value, participation and support for tourism development of boundary urban destinations. Also, residents' place attachment moderates the relationship between social security and perceived value of tourism development in border urban destinations.

However, unauthorized frontiersmen will be deprived of the rights and freedoms normally envisaged for licensed foreigners. But from the point of view of international law, governments are bound to enjoy these kinds of aliens with the rights and freedoms most of which are of human rights origin. The purpose of this article is to examine the rights and freedoms of unauthorized frontiersmen from the perspective of international human rights law and the Iranian legal system.

In the writing of this article, it is first evaluated by deductive study of library and documentary sources of international law, rights and freedoms of aliens. Then, with an analytical approach and an inductive approach, each of these rights is discussed. In the case of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the domestic legal sources and the practices of the national institutions concerned with the inductive method with a descriptive-analytical approach are studied through library and documentary studies. Findings and

The results show that although unauthorized boundaries do not meet the legal requirements for entry into the country, they have rights and freedoms such as, the right to life, the right to citizenship, the right to freedom of expression and opinion. Or the right to return to their home country, which is required by international law. The Iranian legal system has also committed itself to a number of international commitments, as well as religious teachings and the foundations of Islam, to the human rights and freedoms of unauthorized transgender people, which are embodied in the constitution and subject matter laws.

The search for security is one of the most important human motivations. Security is one of the important components that guarantees the stability of any system, including political, cultural, economic, and so on. It is also the existence of security that paves the way for the growth of the people, economic progress and the increase of military power against the enemies. This study was conducted to investigate the indicators of theft in 16 border provinces of the country. With 8632 km, Iran is one of the countries with a long border. Therefore, the need to study security at these borders is necessary to maintain security. The type of applied research and its method is analytical-comparative. The PROMETHEE method was used to analyze the data. The findings show that Khorasan Razavi province with a parity rate (-0.614) and South Khorasan with a parity rate (0.136) were studied in a better and worse position, respectively, among 16 provinces. Also, in order to better show the situation, the provinces were classified into three categories, in which a total of 9 provinces were in an unfavorable situation, 5 provinces were in a semi-favorable situation, and finally two of the 16 provinces were in a favorable situation. Also, according to the obtained results, most of the southeastern provinces of the country suffer more from theft due to the border situation and their neighboring countries.

One of the basic pillars of the development of any land, especially rural communities, is to pay attention to the pattern of capacity development of border areas and how to manage it, which is the basis of development thinking from within. The present study seeks to identify appropriate management strategies to increase capacity development in the border villages of Saleh Abad city located in Khorasan Razavi province. The research method was descriptive-analytical and the collection of information was in the form of library and field. The statistical population of 243 local experts (Dehyaran, members of Islamic councils) is completed in 81 villages with more than 20 households. Data were analyzed using SWOT-QSPM analytical matrices. The Analysis Unit of Rural Experts familiar with the domestic and foreign environment (Dehyaran / members of Islamic councils) has been related to the research topic. Based on the findings, 11 strengths and opportunities were identified as advantages and 20 weaknesses and threats as limitations and bottlenecks facing capacity development in rural areas of Salehabad city. According to the final score obtained in the Internal Factor Evaluation Matrix (IFE) 2.19 and in the Foreign Factor Evaluation Matrix (EFE) 2.43, the optimal capacity development strategies in the border villages of Salehabad city are "defensive" strategies. The results of the matrix of quantitative strategic strategies showed that the strategy of "trustees' efforts to create an empowering environment in various ways" is the first and most important strategy with a score of 2.60. It is noteworthy that in the development literature, capacity development is always considered along with the empowerment of individuals and grassroots organizations.

Strengthening border security depends not only on external factors such as strengthening the military and law enforcement forces and other acts of aggravation, but also on the internal changes of rural people living in border areas by changing beliefs, feelings, emotions and desires and strengthening the sense of social responsibility. And their territorial and patriotic affiliation depends a lot. The purpose of this study is to explain the relationship between social responsibility and strengthening border security in rural areas of Garmi city. This research is applied and analytical-explanatory. The data collection method was in two forms (documentary) and survey (primary data) and the data collection tool was questionnaire. The statistical population studied in this study includes all villagers over 15 years of age living in rural areas of Muran border section of Garmi city (9785N =), of which 370 people were selected as the statistical sample using Cochran's formula. The formal validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the panel of experts. Using Cronbach's alpha in SPSS software, the reliability of different sections of the research questionnaire was obtained from 0.75 to 0.89. The findings suggest that the more villagers feel responsible for protecting the borders, the more the desire to protect the borders ignites in them and protects the borders and plays a role instead of a watchdog. They play a role in protecting and preserving it. The results showed that apart from the environmental dimension component, there is a significant relationship between all components of social responsibility (social dimension, cultural dimension, economic dimension and political dimension) with strengthening border security. In conclusion, practical suggestions are provided based on the analysis of the results.

In addition to its own security threats, the border province of West Azerbaijan is considered a gateway to Europe and one of the leading smuggling zones for methamphetamine and a precursor to its production in the country. The aim of the present study was to analyze the spatial scope of the influence of trafficking in psychotropic substances and their precursors in the border province of West Azerbaijan. The present study is descriptive-analytical and to understand the spatial patterns of methamphetamine trafficking and its precursors in West Azerbaijan province, basic statistical graphical models have been used in Arc map software environment. The statistical population of this study was all the discoveries of methamphetamine and its precursors in the geography of West Azerbaijan province during the years 1392 to 1398 and 2824 cases. However, spatial analysis of methamphetamine smuggling in the geography of the border province of West Azerbaijan mainly shows that most of the smuggling of these substances in the center and south of the province and in contrast to the smuggling of methamphetamine production precursors is mainly limited to several border towns in the south. The spatial pattern of methamphetamine trafficking in West Azerbaijan Province tends to focus on the border towns of Sardasht and Urmia, but the smuggling of methamphetamine production precursors is mainly distributed in the Sardasht-Mahabad transportation hubs. The results showed that the most important source of methamphetamine smuggled goods was the western borders of the border city of Sardasht, which is the source of 70% of cases of smuggled goods discovered in this province. A study of the destination of these drugs from West Azerbaijan Province to domestic provinces showed that the range of smuggling of these drugs reaches the central parts of Iran, such as Isfahan and Khuzestan provinces.