نشریه بررسی مسائل اجتماعی ایران
سال دهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1398)

The discussion of the effect of the student dormitory space on the prevalence and deepening of social pathologies among students is always one of the most important and open discussions in universities. There is still no transparent and consensual response to this effect. By problematizing this issue and combining quantitative methods (survey with questionnaire technique) and qualitative (qualitative content analysis with a semi-structured interview and focus group discussion) and using explanatory sequential design, the paper examines the prevalence and extent of social pathologies among 2500 female students residing in residences in the 10 academic regions and 22 universities covered by the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. The findings showed that generally, the prevalence of social pathologies among dormitory girl students is low. The form of social pathologies among them is mainly related to sexuality and kind of friendship (friendship and sexual relationships and going parties) so that the amount of the prevalence of the relationship with the opposite sex is high among students. About a quarter of students have experienced this relationship. Besides, the most commonly used prohibited products among the students were respectively hookah, smoking cigarettes, alcohol, drug, and pipe. Results of the study, although indicating a high prevalence of the relationship with the opposite sex, seems to indicate that most of this experience is related to the time before entering university in general. So the dormitory has a partial contribution to this.

The development of information society has led to many other developments, including the expansion of cyberspace and the emergence of new types of cybercrime deviations and crimes. One of these large-scale offenses is Cyberstalking. Official agencies and institutions do not provide accurate data on this type of crime. Also, due to the value system of the country, many of these types of crimes are not reported to the relevant institutions. Therefore, to overcome these limitations, the study has used Felson's victimology approach that gives a more accurate estimation of this crime. This crime occurs because of its interactive nature among people of different genders. The types of Cyberstalking that were the subject of this research are threats, theft of information and identity, the dissemination of lies, and harassment. The research method of this study is to investigate the victims to discover the crime's realistic rate and analyze its causes. The survey's statistical population is citizens over 15 years of age in Tehran using at least one hour of Internet per week. Findings show that around 8.9% of Tehran's users have been attacked at least once. So it can be said Cyberstalking is a social problem that is taking place in cyberspace. Analysis of the findings shows that the online lifestyle of the victims has a significant effect on the rate and quality of the incident. Among the factors affecting the crime are the changes in values in cyberspace and the reduction of social control, which leads to ethical emancipation and self-control. This process ultimately increases the visibility and risk-taking behavior of individuals who provide the platform for her victimization.

The purpose of the present study is to identify the contexts and processes of shaping the informal life of waste pickers among Afghan workers in Tehran. The method we applied is a case study, and we have also used various observational and interviewing tools along with document analysis. We used Mixed Purposive Sampling to conduct this research, and a total of 57 individuals are interviewed, including urban managers and experts, contractors, sanitation workers, forepersons, Afghan waste pickers, and local activists and informants. The results show that various factors at the macro, medium, and micro levels facilitate the informal life of Afghan waste pickers in Tehran. These factors include economic and political situation in Afghanistan, cultural and familial features of Heratian workers, restrictive laws of Iran regarding foreigners’ employment and spatial access, working conditions and interactions in the waste field, roles played by urban hybrid governance, and finally the undignified status of this job among Iranians. Our findings show that several patterns of waste picking can be traced based on the geography of informal settlements and the diversity of economic partnerships with contractors among Afghan waste pickers in Tehran. We propose four informal economy models, including re-outsourcing, percentage partnership, maximum employer, and non-partnership with the contractor. These models of economic partnership have different implications for the power relations between waste pickers, intermediate forces, and contractors. In the re-outsourcing and non-partnership models, contractors have the least, and mediators have the most power. In comparison, the maximum employer model offers waste pickers the least autonomy and contractors the most power. Our findings reveal that there is an inseparable connection between the formal and informal realm of the waste field. They show that the informal arena is more connected to urban governance and urban political economy and less to the developmental issues.

The reasons for emigration and its explanation in the framework of economic approaches, pull and push factors. The duality of poverty and migration has always been the focus of migration studies. Migration among Afghans has a long history. However, during the last few decades, these continuous outflows of migration and return have become unprecedented in scale and nature. This article seeks to explain the social problem of migration from Afghanistan with an emphasis on aspirations and drivers. The drivers and factors studied are in three levels of the micro (individual characteristics), medium (transnational networks), and macro (perceptions of the socio-economic and political conditions of the countries of origin and destination). A sample of 850 men and women were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling in four provinces of Afghanistan. Based on the results, the perception of individuals about the socio-economic and political situation in Afghanistan at the macro level and transnational networks at the medium-level have a significant effect on the tendency to migrate. At the micro-level and among the demographic characteristics, age, education, and ethnicity affect migration tendency among Afghans. In conclusion, negative attitudes toward Afghanistan's current and future situations, the culture of migration, and Afghan diaspora and transnational networks, mainly in neighboring countries such as Iran, play critical roles in shaping migration aspirations among inter-subjectivity of Afghan people.

Migration as one of the main factors of population dynamics causes important demographic, social, and economic changes in origin and destination. Khuzestan province has undergone significant changes in terms of population movements in the recent half-century, with the highest percentage of immigrants after Tehran. This study is carried out to determine the youth's tendency to migration and its effective factors in Khuzestan province using a descriptive-analytical method. The theoretical framework of the research is based on theories of attraction and exclusion, the theory of human capital, and the theory of relative deprivation. By using them and previous empirical studies, the empirical model of research has been proposed. Using a multistage cluster sampling method, 385 youths in the province were selected by random sampling method. The required information was obtained using a questionnaire, and Data analysis was performed by SPSS statistical software. The results showed that more than 77% of the youth- if the conditions are available- tend to migrate to a place other than Khuzestan province. Attitudes toward origin repulsion, attitude towards destination attractions, relative deprivation, and education influence the youth's tendency to migrate in Khuzestan province. The highest percentage of changes in the tendency to youth's migration has been attributed to the repulsive factors of the origin area, which indicates the importance of repulsive factors in Khuzestan province than the attraction factors of other regions, and the relative deprivation feeling among youth in Khuzestan province.

The population pyramid in Iran is changing so that there will be greater elderlies in the near future. The objective of this study is to identify the social status of elderlies living (1) in-home and (2) in nursing homes in Mashad. The central hypothesis is that there is a difference between these two groups on social status. For testing this hypothesis, we used a causal-comparative method and questionnaire. Firstly, we studied 276 people living in nursing homes and then based on their main traits, such as age, gender, job, etc.- we constituted a peer group of 283 people who lived in-home. After all, we did a path analysis. This study's other constructs were feelings about self-esteem, hopelessness, prosperity, and satisfaction with the services elderlies received of the nursing homes. Findings showed that the feeling about social status, as an indicator for measuring social health in elderlies, is dependent on three mental health indicators, including the feeling of loneliness, the feeling of self-esteem, and the feeling of prosperity. Also, we found out that satisfaction with the services elderlies receive from nursing homes have a considerable impact on the social status of elderlies living there. For the other group, the greatest impact belongs to the feeling of loneliness. The feeling of loneliness directly impacts on other variables and finally impresses the feeling of social status. At last, we could say that the feeling of social status in elderlies living in nursing homes are significantly less than those living home.

The present study seeks to understand child marriage and its causes and contexts from the perspective of child-women. The thematic analysis method was used to achieve this goal. We studied to the children-women of Khorasan Razavi province (Gonabad, Bardaskan, Torbat Heydariyeh, and Bajestan) who were married as children and were still under 18 years old. Some 41 people were interviewed. Interviews were conducted and coded. In the open coding phase, 39 concepts were obtained, which were classified in the form of 27 sub-categories and 20 main sub-categories. Finally, the main concepts of the research were categorized into seven main topics. The results of this study show that family backgrounds (restorative, disordered, broken family, etc.), social contexts (social values ​​and attitudes), cultural contexts, religious context, Individual characteristics (suitor and child-girl), economic background, and environmental conditions are among the underlying causes for child-girl marriage.

Gypsies of Tehran's Harandi neighborhood (former Darvazeh Ghaar) are among the immigrant groups living in this neighborhood after the destruction of the Khak Sefid in 2000. Gypsies' lifestyle of consumption, an economy based on women and children-led economies, living in the most worn-out and at the same time the most dangerous part of the neighborhood, have provided the group with severe social exclusion from other areas. Gypsies also reside in the neighborhood as a social group and form part of their future neighborhood identity, especially their children. This study aimed to identify the status of gypsies living in Harandi neighborhood and to understand the grounds of their social exclusion. The research method used in this research is qualitative and thematic analysis. So through purposeful and snowball sampling, we interviewed with 20 gypsies in the neighborhood and 10 non-gypsies. Saturation was obtained with this number of interviews. This study shows that a set of factors at the cultural, individual, and structural levels influence neighborhood gypsy conditions- from gypsy entry into education, employment, and bargaining opportunities to changing conditions and bonding. They are socially preventable. Therefore, reducing the causes of social exclusion of gypsies on the issue of individual agency and disregard for structural factors is a strategic error in eliminating the social exclusion of gypsies in the Harandi neighborhood.

Drug poisoning as a high-risk behavior is one of the most common types of poisoning and is more prevalent among young people. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the social context and consequences of drug poisoning among the youth of Pakdasht city. The method of qualitative realization and analysis of data analysis was performed using the data method of Strauss and Corbin. "Targeted" and "theoretical" sampling were used. By performing 27 in-depth interviews with young people with experience of drug poisoning who have been referred to Pakdasht Shohada Hospital, theoretical saturation has been achieved. The pivotal phenomenon is the "weakness of effective identity" which is due to the "sense of abandonment, weakness of the social authority and the sense of social inferiority". The social contexts that created this pivotal phenomenon were extracted in two macro and interpersonal dimensions. On a macro scale, these areas are: On a macro scale, these areas are: "Weakness in temporal cohesion, generational poverty, social rejection." At the interpersonal level, social contexts include "group tensions, unfulfilled sexual desires, unstable family boundaries, and premature relationships." For societal implications, 19 basic concepts were extracted, which eventually were organized into three main categories: "revenge and compensatory thinking", "disruption in social health, and "stigma and labeling social prestige". The results of this study show that young people in Pakdasht do not achieve the necessary consistency in existing social development. This situation has disrupted their "first finding meaning in society, second, their sense of shared experience with others, third, social efficiency and agency, and finally, social support."

There have been many positive and negative consequences for nepotism in sociological studies, but the effect of nepotism in the administrative system has become a plague for it. Nepotism, which is one of the dimensions of corruption, accelerates the growth of other aspects of corruption. The perception of corruption is more important than the actual amount of corruption. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer two questions. 1) What is the situation of the citizens of Khorramabad about corruption and its different dimensions? 2) What are the most important social factors that affect it? The social disorganization approach has been used to answer these two fundamental questions and their subordinate questions. In this approach, the emphasis is on Durkheim, Merton, and Parsons. The research method is Survey with a questionnaire, and the sample is 400 people. The sampling method is cluster sampling. Findings show that more than half of the respondents believe that the level of corruption is high in Khorramabad, and About half of them have moderate corruption perceptions. Abuse of office position and nepotism are the most critical factors affecting corruption. The variables of the level of religious commitment of office staff, their social capital, administrative supervision, and transparency and accountability have a significant relationship with citizens' perception of corruption. The two variables of administrative supervision and employees' social capital explain the variance of perception of corruption more than other variables. Increasing citizens' perception of corruption in Khorramabad city increases the likelihood of corruption if the situation is provided to citizens. Such a situation cannot provide a reasonable prospect of administrative efficiency.Keywords: Perception of corruption, Khorramabad city, Social capital, Administrative supervision, nepotism.

Today, the socioeconomic status of new towns and attracting the population by them are one of the most important issues that have attracted the attention of social researchers and policymakers. The purpose of the present study is to study the socioeconomic and demographic status of new towns in Iran. The present study is a quantitative one and based on secondary data analysis of census of 2006, 2011 and 2016. The theory of linear city and the phased development model of an urban area are the main theoretical frameworks in the present study. A total of 12 new towns, among all of them, which have attracted population and were a city in census of 2016 were investigated. The results showed, all of the new towns have experienced a relative improvement in socioeconomic and demographic indicators during the study period, and their scores in the indicators had been upward. Sadra, Baharestan, and Andishe have attained the highest scores in the final socio-demographic index. The mentioned new towns have a proper situation in the distance from the metropolis and urban density. Hence, it can be concluded that the above factors are the most important determinants of the new towns' demographic function in Iran.

This study surveys the semantic impacts of the spatial transformation of the Tehran city's water infrastructure in the recent decades. After governments modernization plans in the last century –including dams' construction, transferring water to the towns, and supplying it through plumbing to the houses- there were transformations and alterations in the urban space construction, the interiors of the homes, social relations between citizens. Following them, rapid changes in the water-related beliefs, values, and actions happened. Based on the classic method of Grounded Theory, the data of this study collected through in-depth individual and group interviews. According to this method, the collected data was coded in 3 phases (open, optional, and theoretical), and the relations between the categories were surveyed in an analytical model until the emergence of a theory based on limited reality. In this process, 8 general categories, including structural changes and technological development, Adiaphorization, mass production and luxury consumption, changing health values, transforming water-related values, house as a whole, individualization/ privatization, consumeristic supervision, and the main category entitled "process of consumption" was obtained. The last one shows the relations between all of the involved phenomena in this issue. The process mentioned above expresses the changes in the water-related values, beliefs, and actions of Tehranians and the increasing expansion of urban consumption.