نشریه روان شناسی فرهنگی زن
پیاپی 37 (پاییز 1397)

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the concept of violence against women in the poems of four contemporary Iraqi poets including Rassafi, Zahawi, Siyab, Malaekehand and their point of views on the phenomenon of violence against women by referring to their poems based on cultural critique and applying the descriptive-analytical method. Violence against women is a bitter phenomenon with a long history, having physical, psychological, sexual, social and economic dimensions that still exist in human societies. The results of the study indicated that the poets had reflected different types of violence against women, such as denial of women participation in the community and their enjoyment of scientific and cultural development, using women as sexual goods, contempt, threats to divorce and wandering, maltreatment, physical punishment, and denying their right to choose a spouse. The poets had also been severely affected by sexual deviation of women caused by the pressure of poverty, the lack of support and social organizations, and unfair slaughter of women based on the tribe tradition of wiping out disgrace. These posts have considered that the education of a noble, free and brave generation for the community depends on women's enjoyment of an honorable life.

The aim of this study was to investigate the women cooperatives problems via focusing on the managers’ needed capabilities by qualitative method. Observation and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The population were executive managers of women cooperatives in Hamedan province (55 executive managers), who were interviewed as all the numbers. The deductive content analysis, coding and classification methods was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the problems of women cooperatives included: restrictions within the family, worry about the life responsibilities, support organizations poor performance, financial problems, gender discrimination, poor health, worrying about the future and weaknesses in communication. The problems could be more generally fit into four categories: the problems of psychological, sociological, economic and administrative entity. Finally, these four categories  could be classified in two general categories, problems with interpersonal and intrapersonal problems.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of spirituality training on resilience, self-esteem and Self-reliance in the in the family caretaker divorced women who was covered by the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee. 30 women were randomly selected among the population via simple sampling method. They were assigned in two experimental and control groups 15 each. The research design was semi-experimental, Pre-test and post-test were conducted on the participants. The instruments used in the research study were Connor and Davidson Resilience Scale (2003), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (1965) and a Self-reliance Questionnaire adapted based on the value system proposed by Schwartz (2004. The experimental group was exposed to eight ninety-minute sessions of spirituality instruction. Control group received none. Data were analyzed by using multivariate covariance analysis. The results of data analysis showed that spirituality training program had influenced resilience, self-esteem and self-reliance of women who were family caretakers and this effect for each of the variables of the study was significant.

The purpose of the present research was to analyze the social context of the Banugoshasp's story in oral epics. Rostam's daughter-in-law, Banoghoshasp, is one of the oldest epic narratives in Iran, which, in addition to the Banugoshasp-name, has also led Persian folk literature and epics. The present study aimed to use the descriptive-analytical method to adapt the oral and classical epic of the story based on the development of the heroine personality. The results of this research indicated that, despite the ancient version of the poetic narrative, oral epics preserved more parts of the Banugoshasp-name or fostered its void. The will of the general audiences and their satisfaction, the increase of lyrical materials and the elements of myth and magic and the spiritual elements of folklore are among the differences of oral texts. The pattern of empowering heroine in their resemblance to men, which is the product of patriarchal culture, is the most important part of the heroine pattern in the Banugoshasp-name, which is more pronounced in oral epics due to the existing gap from the dominating culture of the elite class, the women's character of Banugoshasp's personality was underlined.

The purpose of this study was to analysis of “rival wife” character in contemporary fiction literature. One of the features of contemporary literature is more attention to social issues and significant presence of woman in the field of poetry, prose and especially fiction; the link between social issues and the language is evident; according to linguists; language is the mirror of thought and intellectual developments of society. Mahmoud Dowlat Abadi and Ali Mohammad Afghani are considered as the outstanding contemporary authors, projecting the social issues in their writings. One of these phenomena is developing the "rival wife" character."Shohare Ahoo Khanom" and "Kelidar"; both are the most influent contemporary novels that woman character in position of " rival wife " have the bold role in their plot .In this study, besides to analysis of these characters, we found that "Dowlatabadi" and "Afghani" for better creation and more realistic characters have benefited which fictional elements. The present research performed by descriptive-analytic method. The findings showed that both writers used direct method to develop the "rival wife" character well. Among indirect methods, Dolat Abadi relatively used ‘describing’ and Afghani applied ‘discussion’ method. Despite that both writers expressed problems and negative consequences of polygamy well, but they traced such an issue in male and biased view.

The aim of this study was to provide a model for beauty-based consumption in women in Tehran. The statistical population of this study was women living in Tehran who have beauty based consumption. The sample of this study included 28 women aged 18-40 years who were selected by snowball sampling method. The research has been done with a qualitative approach and a phenomenological method. The data were collected via interview. Coding was used as the data analysis method. The results showed that gender roles and stereotypes in the society as well as beauty ideals led to women's dissatisfaction with their body image, and dissatisfaction with the female body image led to beautification wares consumption such as cosmetic surgery, diet therapy and going to fitness clubs.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of schema-based education on early maladaptive schemas and conflict resolution models in married women referred to counseling centers of Ahwaz.The research sample consisted of 30 individuals who were selected by simple random sampling method and replaced in two groups of experimental and control 15subjects each. The present study was a quasi-experimental design with a pre-monogram-post-meteoric design with control group. The measurement tool was Yang's Early Maladaptive Schemas (1998) and Raheem's Conflict Resolution Patterns Questionnaire (1997). Married women in the experimental group were treated with the protocol of treatment with Jeffrey Young et al. (2002) during a 20-minute 60-minute session. The collected data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and one way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The results showed that the treatment plan was effective in reducing the early maladaptive schemas and improving the conflict resolution patterns in the experimental group and there was a significant difference between the two groups.

The purpose of this study was to discuss a narrative of lived experience of the war that shaped and represented the women life experiences. Women who had been involved in some kind of war or have lived directly in it. The present study was intended to study the anthropology of female narratives from the imposed war period. The method of this study was field study (participatory observation, facts documentation and narrative interview). The research conducted in-depth interviews with fifty women in Sarpo-le-Zahab and Ghasreshirin in Kermanshah province who had lived and experienced the imposed war so that women's verbal narratives could be integrated to ultimately represent the women's narrative imposed war. Research findings showed that war had negative effects on the lives of women and posed them as one of the main victims of the war. The lived experience of the women after the war, in contrast to the war itself, which was enclosed and terminated at a particular time and place, was extended over time and place and formed a link between the past, the present and the future, and make changes in their lives.