پژوهشنامه خراسان بزرگ
پیاپی 34 (بهار 1398)

Historical appearance of city is not similar in different civilizations and cultures. These civilizations have formed different cities; because the aim and perspective of these cultures to the cities are different. In the context of ancient Iran, investigating Iranian cities shows some mutual features specifically in their spatial organizations. Ancient Iranian cities are exactly what the kings would like to. In this regard, in examination of ancient Iran city always reveals the role of king in the quality of formation and even in spatial organization of it. Shahr-Tepeh is a Parthian site located in Dargaz district, near to Iran-Turkmenistan borders. Based on archaeological surveys this site is one of the largest Parthian sites in the northeast of Iran. In addition, archaeological excavations indicate that this site is one of the most important sites in early Parthian period. Beside archaeological excavations, systematic sampling survey is another archaeological study in this site. The most frequent findings of this survey were ceramic fragments, in addition to some kiln wasters, gypsum plaster and impressed designs bricks. In second phase of archaeological studies, some elements of urban forms of Shahr-Tepeh were revealed: Rampart, Gateway, Kohandege, Sharestan, Industrial area and Wastewater system. This article tries to introduce and describe spatial organization of Shahr-Tepeh based on archeological findings of this site specifically by these urban elements. To find the reliable results of spatial organization, urban elements of Shahr-Tepeh have been studied in the context of history and geography of region. This article showed not only Shahr-Tepeh urban elements are real examples of spatial organization of city in early Parthian period, but also revealed all of urban elements were formed in a unique pattern of city in ancient world. The best characteristic of this early Parthian spatial organization is the exact separation of all urban elements in Kohandege. The Arg, Sharistan, and the industrial zone have been separated and limited by overall barrows and external ditches.

Abstract
The high-rise construction as a one way to create and construct compact cities, has attracted a lot of urban managers attention due to the maximum use of space and required minimum resources. However, lack of attention to the essential criteria for correct locating of these buildings can cause many problems in the urban areas and in the future of cities. The present study attempts to identify suitable areas for high-rise residential buildings in Mashhad Municipality at district 1 and evaluate and compare the constructed buildings. This research has selected 13 criteria in 4 categories including social, economic, environmental, and physical factors to identify suitable areas for high-rise buildings. Thereupon, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used as a tool to determine the weight of criteria; so that the data and research information were collected in the form of questionnaires from  relevant experts in this field. The Geographic Information System (GIS) was used for integrating, analyzing, and displaying spatial data in locating process. The results reveal that economic criteria with impact factor of )0.512( is essentially effective in the study area when using AHP. After preparing the zoning map of residential buildings, it was found out that 67 percentages of total region (with equivalent area of 1000 hectares), which was categorized in three zones including perfectly appropriate, appropriate, and rarely appropriate, can be employed for constructing high-rise buildings. Finally, among eight high-rise residential buildings existing in the region, there are two buildings locating in perfectly suitable zones, so that Firoozeh, Yas, Dogholo, and Mehr Kohsangi high-rise buildings ranked at the top with respect to architectural aspects

Rapid and unbalanced physical development in the cities has resulted in unsuitable economic, social, and physical consequences. This is one of consequences of informal settlements and economic and social unsustainability. One of the solutions for this problem is city development strategy (CDS). This approach includes a wide range of management, social, economic, environmental, physical issues in the cities. For this approach, different strategic planning models are used. Therefore, the objective of this research is the recognition of the possibility rate of principles of CDB (City Development Strategy) in Mashhad and prioritization of the effects and roles of each principle in population of suburban area of Mashhad. Descriptive- analytical method was used in order to study the context of suburban area of Mashhad. By using available information in databank of Mashhad Municipality and the future plans, the intensified indicators of population (economic, migration, housing, social) were recognized. By analyzing the failure of CDS principles ( livability, comparability, bankability, and urban governance) which cause more population in suburban area, among four main principles of CDS , major factors of population in suburban area have been weighed by Delphi Technique and survey (in the form of paired matrix). They have been analyzed by TOPSIS technique. The results and findings showed that the condition of urban development strategy criteria in Mashhad with overall average of 2.82 was not in good condition and the failure in these criteria has caused the population marginalization of the city. Among the indicators of urban development strategy, the most breakdowns were in the indicators of good governance, viability, bankability and competitiveness.

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the “dissection aspects of fragmentation and discontinuity of political / governmental actors” (Institutions, practices and spatial domains( in metropolitan area of Mashhad. This fragmentation has been derived from diversity and divergence of actors and is created in the absence of a qualified institutional framework for policymaking and planning in this area. Methodology of this study, in terms of the purpose, is developmental – applied and in terms of research framework is analytical – descriptive based on the secondary analysis. This research through a triangulation approach analyzed the dimensions of political fragmentation, the influential governing institutions and organizations, and maintenance resources (programs, laws, and finance) as the dimensions of political fragmentation in the metropolitan area of Mashhad. Results showed that there are ever-increasing diversity and multiplicity in the overlapping territorial government, in the absence of a coordinating mechanism for the integration of development policies in metropolitan area of Mashhad. In terms of institutional fragmentation, this metropolitan area is divided mainly between the two governmental-administrative and governmental-public elements without proper governance of institutions such as Astan Quds Razavi and the private sector. Hence, the present study proposes devising a participatory structure and a development perspective based on strategic planning, an important principle in the direction of institutional, functional and territorial convergence of all actors in the metropolitan area of Mashhad.

Lack of attention to the quality of the concept of development by urban management and turning to the quantitative solutions that are often replacing the concept of growth with development, have created problems for today's cities. These problems include physical expansion, increased urban transportation costs, increased infrastructure maintenance, and increased per capita service costs. However, there is often space for development within urban boundaries, and one of the appropriate development options is to utilize the endogenous development approach. In the meantime, it is important to consider the factors that can support endogenous development strategies and policies. Social participation, given its nature, can support endogenous development as one of the most effective ways. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the endogenous development theory in the worn-out texture of the city with the approach of promoting social participation. The research method is descriptive-analytical and according to the nature of the research the required data were collected through documentary and field studies (questionnaire, interview, and observation). The maps required for the research were prepared in Arc Map environment and the analysis of the maps data and output maps were carried out in GIS. The statistical population consisted of 124 people living in the area under study who were selected through random sampling and the data were analyzed using SPSS software. Finally, some strategies have been suggested to improve the social participation index of the worn-out texture of Sarakhs based on endogenous development theory.

This article aims to identify social and cultural harms and threats of Khorasan Razavi province at county scale. The method employed in this study is secondary analysis, which gathered required data from national plans and Iran Statistics Center. Using these resources, required information were collected for 26 research indicators so the indicators were divided into three categories: demographic, cultural and social. By examining the indicator’s mean and Standard deviations, it was found that Torbat-e-Jam and Davarzan counties were under the most threats. In order to determine the indicators’ weight with expert opinion, hierarchical analysis was performed using Expert Choice software. So, it was found that, social, demographic, and cultural components had the highest importance, respectively. Using the final score generated by above method, the counties were divided into 5 categories with very low, low, medium, high and very high harmed areas, based on social and cultural harms. Neyshabur and Torbat-e Jammu counties had very high harm level, and Jovein, Firoozeh, Fareeman and Bajestan had very low level of harms. Through Pearson correlation test, it appears that social and cultural harms were not directly related to any of the characteristics of area, population, density, and distance to the center of the province.