مجله مدیریت آب و آبیاری
سال دهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

In order to study the effects of deficit and salinity water stresses on aerial and underground organs of Mentha piperita L. two separate experiments were conducted. A randomized complete block design factorial experiment with three replications was designed at 2017-2018 year in a research farm of department of water engineering, campus agriculture and natural resources of Razi University. Water deficit experiment included three levels (100 (Control), 80 and 60% irrigation requirement) and salinity experiment included four levels control (0.9, 2, 3 and 4) dS/m. The results showed that the effect of water deficit stress on aerial characteristics (shoot fresh and dry weight, leaf fresh and dry weight, leaf area and shoot height) and underground organs (root dry weight, root length, root area, volume and density) were significant. The maximum and minimum of leaf dry weight for 100 and 60% of irrigation requirement observed 2.47 and 1.54 grams per plant. With application of 20 and 40% irrigation deficit leaf area in comparison with control 22 and 31% decreased. With application of water irrigation salinity for 2, 3 and 4 dS/m leaf area 15, 20 and 47% decreased. The highest tolerance salinity of Mentha piperita L. was obtained as 3dS/m.

Due to the geographical location of Iran, which is located in an arid and semi-arid region and increasing consumption of water, Iran will face a water crisis in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to consider different strategies in the country's water consumption management. In this study, using strategic models, virtual water trade between Iran and other parts of the world was investigated for 2014. This study was carried out in three steps. First, the virtual water of selected products was calculated and in the next step using SWOT model, weaknesses, strength, threat and opportunities of virtual water exchange were identified. Then, QSPM and Friedman (stakeholder) matrices were used to quantify the strategy and determine the best operational strategy. Investigating the SWOT model, it was found that the appropriate strategy to move towards the optimal conditions is the aggressive strategy. The QSPM matrix analysis also showed that the focus on the production of low-virtual water products especially saffron and raisins (5.37 points) and using foreign investment for the processing of low-virtual water products (5.1 points) are the main operation strategies in this research. The results of the stakeholder matrix also showed that using foreign investment to process low-water virtual products and then export these products (score 105) is the best option for exchanging Iranian agricultural products. Therefore, applying these two strategies will also address the country's water problems and, on the other hand, the economic issues of agricultural commodity exchange are resolved.

The purpose of study was to evaluate 8 classical sprinkler irrigation systems in Khash city. To do this, water and soil properties of each system were studied in terms of quality, soil permeability, salinity and alkalinity.Then pressures and discharge of sprinklers were measured in November 2018. Evaluation indices then include Christianity uniformity coefficient (CU), distribution uniformity (DU), low quadratic real use efficiency (AELQ), low quadratic potential efficiency (PELQ), evaporation and wind loss (WDEL), deep penetration losses (DP), Irrigation adequacy (ADir) and application efficiency (Ea) were calculated by analyzing the measured field data. Average Christianity uniformity coefficient of 76.1%, distribution uniformity of 65.2%, actual quadrant use efficiency of 43.3%, low quadrant potential efficiency of 44.9%, evaporation and wind losses of 22.1%, penetration losses of 21.8%. Irrigation adequacy percentage was 79.2% and application efficiency was 56.06%. Irrigation was completed in systems 3, 6 and 8 and in other systems due to the unintended dehydration, the true efficiency values and the potential efficiency of the low quadrant application were equal. Systems 2, 6, 3 and 8 had lower uniformity and uniformity coefficients than the Merriam and Chlorine recommended values. Inadequate design of systems, simultaneous use of more than one sprinkler, poor user management, and use of nonstandard equipment were the main reasons for the low uniformity of water distribution and water use efficiency in these systems. Studies also showed that in most of the designs studied the performance of the systems was low. Therefore, it is necessary to remove the obsolete equipment and pipes and sprinklers for troubleshooting. Re-check pumping station to supply needed pressure and educate farmers on the proper use of the systems.

Recently, water pollutions in rivers and canals have become the main issue for researchers. In addition, water pollutants have different effects on human and aquatic health. So, the prediction of pollution in water in different water resources like rivers has been the main topic for researching. The longitude dispersion coefficient which is experimental and theoretical method that is the best way for describing longitude dispersion. In this study, a new method has been used for predicting the longitude dispersion by ANFIS developing with PSO and GA optimization. For this purpose, the programs run with 116 normalizing data by writing of code in MATLAB software. The river wide, water depth, velocity and Shear velocity were used for input parameter and Dispersion coefficient was used for the porpuse parameter. Results showed that the ANFIS-PSO model predicts dispersion coefficient with MSE=0.0037, RMSE=0.061 and R=0.9622 and ANFIS-GA model predicts dispersion coefficient with MSE=0.012, RMSE=0.11 and R=0.739 that have better accurate than ANFIS with MSE=0.040m, RMSE=0.200 and R=0.698. By evaluating the two models, it was found that the PSO algorithm has better performance than GA algorithm in ANFIS model. The ANFIS-PSO model was the most accurate among the three studied models. Finally, it was concluded that the ANFIS-PSO model is more appropriate model to estimate in RMSE, MSE and R for dispersion coefficient

Evapotranspiration as an important component of the hydrologic cycle plays a large role in watershed’s water balance study. Accurate estimation of evapotranspiration rate is essential for efficient management of irrigation, determination of plants water demand as well as design of irrigation systems. The aim of the current study is to design and construct a weighing lysimeter to address the need for accurate monitoring of evapotranspiration. The designed lysimeter in this research contains two concentric cylinders. The internal cylinder is the main container of the lysimeter and outer cylinder has the role of protection and isolation of the main container from surrounding soil media. The main container is open-ended from top, but sealed in sidewalls and bottom end, except for orifices at the bottom end to drain the saturation excess water from main container. The main container was made from 3 mm and 6 mm thick steel sheets for sidewall and bottom, respectively. The inner diameter and depth of the main container were 45 cm and 60 cm, respectively. After filling with soil, the containers were loaded on relatively precise and cheap loadcells fixed to a rigid metal framework. An electronic board, which can support four loadcells, was developed for calibration of loadcells and setting up the monitoring and recording the output signals of loadcells as a text file saved on an external memory card. The board can display the instantaneous weight of containers and save them at user defined intervals. The results of performance evaluation indicated that the developed lysimeter can measure and record temporal changes of soil moisture with an acceptable accuracy.

Many scientists have discovered the useful effects of magnetic field in agriculture and are have become interested because cheap and eco-friendly technique. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of magnetized water and priming with magnetized water under drought stress on some morphological traits of radish plant. The experiment was carried out with factorial experiment in completely randomized design with three type water treatment, four priming treatment and three irrigation deficit treatment in four replications in greenhouse ferdousi university of mashhad. After harvesting, root cleaning was performed, and the most important morphological indices including fresh and dry weight of three plant parts, tuber length and diameter, leaf area, tuber density, root length and tuber volume and root volume were measured. Results showed that with increasing drought stress all measured traits decreased but the use of magnetic water has improved all the traits, So that the simple effect of magnetized water for one hour increased leaf area, shoot and tuber dry weight, shoot, root and tuber fresh weight, root length, diameter and tuber length and tuber and root mass by is respectively 15, 24, 56, 20, 48, 80, 11, 11, 31, 85 and 50 Percent but in priming treatment, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of shoot, tuber fresh and dry weight and tuber density had no significant effect. In general, the results showed that magnetized water protects radish plant as a protective agent against drought stress and cause increasing plant yield and decreasing water consumption.

Unscientific use of low quality water resources poses serious risks to plant growth and the environment. In order to investigate the possibility of alternative use of non-saline and saline waters, this research was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications on Barhee date offshoot at the Ahvaz region in 2017-2018. Experimental treatments were included irrigation with Karun River water, irrigation with saline water of 5 dS/m after twice irrigation with Karun River water, irrigation with saline water of 8 dS/m after twice irrigation with Karun River water, irrigation with Karun River water after twice irrigation with saline water of 5 dS/m, irrigation with Karun River water and twice irrigation with saline water of 8 dS/m and also, irrigation with saline water of 5 dS/m during the year. The plant annual evapotranspiration (1660.2 mm/ly) in treatment of irrigation with Karun River water that had significant difference with other treatments except irrigation with saline water of 5 dS/m after twice irrigation with Karun River water. The irrigation treatments had significant effect on all date offshoot vegetative attributes including number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaflets, leaflet length, leaflet width and trunk girth. The results showed that alternative irrigation with saline water of 5 dS/m after twice irrigation with Karun River water can be used as a management practice for irrigation of Barhee date offshoots.

Snow and snow melt runoff have a major role to play in supplying water. In this study the impact of climate change on runoff caused by snowmelt was studied in Sarab Seyed Ali watershed in north of Lorestan province. In this study, using snow cover level extracted from Landsat 5 and 7 satellite images and climatic data predicted by general circulation model using Lars-WG software snowmelt runoff under three scenarios A1B, A2 and B2 in the year 2010 to 2013 was simulated using the SRM model. The simulation results were evaluated using two statistic including coefficient of determination and volume difference. The value of 0.87 for the coefficient of explanation and -3.62 for the volume difference indicates the accuracy of the model. Then, using these three scenarios, the climate parameters for 2020 to 2060 were predicted through general circulation model, then using the predicted climate parameters, the rate of snow cover was estimated through multivariate regression equations and was into to SRM model. the simulation was done for 2020 to 2060. The results showed that the average runoff in November to May for the three scenarios was 4.3, 4.4 and 4.2 m3/s respectively, while the long-time mean runoff from 1980 to 2013 was 6.07 m3. However, this decrease in future runoff volume can be justified by the reduction of snow cover.

Numerous droughts and limited water resources in Iran have revealed the importance of managing this valuable resource. Sustainable management requires clear, applicable and fair rules in the division and distribution of water. The aim of This study was to analyze the water laws from the time of the codified legislation (Constitutional Revolution) to the laws passed by the Islamic council congress in recent years. The rules were analyzed using content analysis method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all laws passed by the legislature in the context of water. Books and documents related to water laws were used as research sources at different time periods. Content analysis was performed using Maxqda software. The results showed agricultural sector has received special attention in all laws. Groundwater, especially wells and water governance, were the issues of interest in various legislative periods. Water Resource Ownership Changes Show that the trend from private ownership in the first period of water laws has changed to public ownership and state governance in the second and third period. In some rules, there were problems such as: lack of transparency, non-applicable, cliché and contradictions, and little attention had been paid to new issues such as the water market and the transfer the right.

The most important effects of Landscape in cities are to reduce air pollution, reduce noise pollution, adjust temperature, increase relative humidity, and absorb dust. Large amounts of urban water resources are lost due to the cultivation of different plant species together and the uncertain water requirement of these plants in the Landscape. In this study, vegetation coefficient and water requirement of shrub (Buxus, Barberry and Elaeagnus pungens), Tree (Fraxinus excelsior and Cypress) and an herbaceous species (Elymus repens) plants were estimated using two micro-climates in the Botanical Garden of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, using water balance and WUCOLS methods. The study was conducted for 6 months from 21 march 2018 to 22 September 2018. Based on the results of this study, the average vegetation coefficient for the whole period was 0.36 and 0.30, respectively, using the Water balance and wucols method. the estimated evapotranspiration was estimated at an average of 757 mm in the water balance method and 641 mm in the wucols method during the whole experiment period. In general, the wucols method always estimates the Less amount of water requirement for Landscape plants. According to statistical analysis, this difference was significant in six decades of experiment. According to the results of this study, application of water classification method used by Landscape species has better accuracy in estimating water requirement of Landscape plants and can be effective in reducing water consumption.

Significant water losses occurred within the Agricultural Water Conveyance, Distribution, and Delivery System in Iranian irrigation districts due to inappropriate operation and maintenance activities. Appropriate agricultural water programming and management need to determine these water losses require costly, time-consuming, and sequential measurement activities. This study proposed a practical approach to find out the approximated values of the losses that occurred in the systems mentioned above. In this respect, the irrigation water requirement of the crops during the cultivated season of 2015-2016 was calculated using the AquaCrop model upon considering applied efficiency in the farm scales. Then, the daily operational water losses were calculated by subtracting the daily gross irrigation water requirement and evaporation losses from the measure daily canal inflow. The obtained results revealed that daily operational water losses vary in a range of 30-60%, which were more significant than the values reported in the Iranian national standard for designing and operation of the irrigation districts (total losses are 10-20%). The reason to justify these water losses is mattered with a lack of operational knowledge, hydraulic basis of the open conveyance and distribution canal networks.

Determining the vulnerability and risk of groundwater is a good approach for groundwater management with reliable and accurate models, taking into account surface pollutants, the ability to contaminate groundwater, and the pathways affecting wells. In the present study, this evaluation is based on a new index with three factors of pollutant point source density, intrinsic vulnerability and contamination range of wells presented for a groundwater aquifer in Ardabil. A modified version of the Drastic method was used to map the intrinsic groundwater vulnerability of the study area to an area of 886 square kilometers. Density of point source pollutants were measured such as industries, villages, gas stations in the sub basins and used as potential indicators of point source pollutants. Numerical modeling was also performed to determine the catchment areas using MODFLOW and MODPATH models. The spatial and descriptive integration of these three factors created a mechanism and vulnerability index for assessing the risks of groundwater contamination as well as identifying and prioritizing areas requiring groundwater monitoring. The parameters used in this method were sensitivity analysis. The results of this index were calibrated based on nitrate and chloride concentration which had a positive correlation with the vulnerability index. Groundwater vulnerability and risk index values vary from zero to one thousand with respect to the integration of 3 factors with a value range of 10. The value of this index was low in most of the lowlands. But maximum values of this index were in populated areas, high roads and industrial areas in Ardabil plain. In general, according to this indicator, Ardabil plain is at low vulnerability and risk. This research will lead to a rigorous and cost-effective approach to protecting drinking and agricultural water resources and achieving sustainable groundwater for future generations.