نشریه پژوهش های روابط بین الملل
سال نهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 33، پاییز 1398)

By examining the history of the relations between Iran and Russia, we find that the causes and the ups and downs of Iran-Russia relations have been influenced by the differences in the perception of the two countries and the level of perception of the bilateral relations. That is to say, Russia's view of Iran has been tactical and instrumental at many regional and bilateral levels, and Iran's view of Russia has often been based on a strategic level. It should also be kept in mind that Iran-Russia relations have always been accompanied by a security attitude that overshadows and continues to weigh on all aspects of their economic and political relations. Iran and Russia have maintained their relations with each other in spite of disturbing mentalities in different fields. In this regard, US sanctions on Iran have also had an impact on the economic relations of the two countries. The authors of this study seek to answer the question of what effect the US sanctions have had on the economic relations between Iran and Russia? The possible answer to this question is that Russia had been in line with the US before Western sanctions against Iran, but economic relations between Iran and Russia have been strengthened since the United States left the JCPOA. This research is a descriptive-analytic study using library data and electronic resources.

The lobbying system in European Union is very complicated and dynamic. Other than Member States, there are non- state lobbyists in various forms such as unions, multinational corporations, nongovernmental organizations, and nonprofit organizations who try to influence the legislative procedure for their own interests. Applying the concept of Multi-Level Governance and Access Theory, the present study hypothesizes that since European Commission is responsible for drafting legislative proposals, it is the first addressee of the lobbyists. According to this research, lobbyists can influence the vote of MEPs (members of European Parliament) by providing them with information and interpreting drafts of legislations for them. Before the First Reading as well as during the legislative procedure, the representative of the three Institutions - i.e. European Commission, European Parliament and Council of the European Union - meet behind closed doors in small groups to negotiate and compromise for legislative proposals. Even though the Commission drafts legislative proposals based on the information from powerful lobbyists, the Commission itself selects the lobbyists and their tools and controls them. Furthermore, investigating the role of Member States shows that Member States play a more important role in lobbying when they are chair of the Council of the European Union which is certainly a good opportunity for them and their national lobbyists. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine lobbying in European Union, and as such, to explain scientific methods of expanding and creating lobbying in European Union and Germany's powerful lobbies.

This t article examines the effects of the Chabahar Port exemption from US sanctions on Iran after leaving Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. Therefore, the key question in this article is: what impacts the Chabahar exemption from unilateral US sanctions have on the development of this region and its role in Iran's economic diplomacy and trade? The hypothesis is that: given the complex and intertwined system of US sanctions, the Iranian economy facing many difficulties interacting with the global economy supply chain on commodity, information and financial exchanges. Chabahar's distance from the main centers of Iran's economy and increased risk of the presence and investment of international corporations in Iran, the impact of this region's exemption on its economic development and Chabahar's increasing role in the national economy have been negligible. This study was carried out using qualitative research methods. The sanctions have caused major problems in the region's natural development process, which had been restarted following the implementation of the trilateral agreement among Iran, India and Afghanistan.

After the rise of Justice and Development Party led by Recep Tayyip Erdogan in 2003, Extensive efforts were made to reduce Kemalist values and the military's influence in Turkey's political structure through reforms and democratization of society as well as Turkey's accession to the European Union. Doing so created concerns in the military that eventually led to the unsuccessful coup in 2016. The coup provided a good basis for changing the political structure of Turkey through the constitutional referendum in 2017, which eventually led to Erdogan's increasing power in Turkey's new political structure. The question that comes up in this paper is that despite the lack of support of the people and the political parties to the coup, why after the constitutional amendment the critics of some political parties and Turkish citizens have been extended to Erdogan's ruling party? In response to the above question, the hypothesis is that Erdogan's authoritarian policies, which ultimately will lead to weakening the democratic process in the country has been caused such dissatisfaction. This paper uses the crisis theory of legitimacy and the explanatory approach to illustrate Turkey's political restructuring and the authoritarianism of the leader of Justice and Development Party.

Nowadays, different countries around the world are looking for more sustainable development in the form of international programs and organizations, and the studies of experts in different fields have shown that the issue of development and achievement of their society progress and excellence without active participation of women It is not possible in all spheres, including family, economic and social, and this would not be possible without specialized, sustainable and sustained training for women at the global and regional levels and with the convergence and participation of different countries, so experts and government officials Take advantage of one of the most important axes and leverage to facilitate this process Mansour mechanisms of international organizations to help it understand that one of the most important international institutions that play an important role in improving UNESCO Statement and the promotion of women's status in the world of the play. In this paper, we use a descriptive-analytical approach to investigate the role of UNESCO in the development of quantitative and qualitative education of women in Iran. Is? We came to the conclusion that UNESCO had a positive impact on enhancing the quality and quantity of women's education in Iran, relying on international programs while enhancing scientific, technical and human capacities, especially in the field of higher education and in general.

Growth rate of China and Pakistan relationships over past six decades in all (fields of economical, political, military, security,…) was such that can be described as a strategic relationship. Further on China-Pakistan comprehensive relations, development plan of Gwadar port is one of main priorities of the two countries which contain long -period aims for them. This research aims at studying hidden goals of development plan of Gwadar port with regard to security theory of Copenhagen school. Main question of this article is that what specific goals in the development plan of Pakistan Gwadar port by China lies. It seems that development plan of Gwadar port has some goals beyond economical ones. In development plan of this strategic port, obtaining infrastructure security in the form of comprehensive security (extensive) is the first, main, and final aim of the two countries. By extensive security it means security outlook in the different form of economical, military, defensive, political, and territory security. Siege of India (pearl necklace strategy), making balance with the united state in peripheral areas (Persian goal, south China sea,…, Chabahar port in Iran(in the form of cooperation and competition), dominating divergent religious areas of Seen kiang and Baloochestan , bypassing the long and unsafe rout of Malaka waters and trade goals by central Asia, Afghanestan, Iran, Persian golf countries and part of Africa) are strategies among reasons of the interest of both countries in development of this strategic port.

One of the infrastructural factors of Politics and thematic in democracy is elections and methods of holding it. In the present research, the election procedure has been considered in Iran and Turkey which despite of particular differences have a lot of strategic, religious, historical, and cultural similarities as well as similarities in demographic structures. Turkey’s important position in the region and regional contracts, a growing economic collaboration with Iran and both countries’ efforts towards democracy (since 1980s concurrent with Islamic revolution in Iran and Coup in Turkey) has made comparison and adaptation easier. Therefore, based on a comparative-historical method with analytical approach, regarding that presidential and parliament elections are of high importance in both countries, related regulations and rules involved in this process are examined. Eventually, with a special focus on Iran elections, factors such as the lack of modifications of the constitution, the diminished role of parties, the complexity of the processes, and the multiplicity of bodies involved and some other cases were concluded as well constitutional amendments, electoral laws reform and integration of all related activities in an independent organization were deduced.

 One of the most important features of the international system is the emergence of surprising phenomena which impact on the structure and performance of the international environment. The emergence of the terrorist phenomenon of the Islamic State of Iraq and Sham (ISIS) can be considered as one of these cases. “ISIS” as a new terrorist group with transnational and global nature, emphasizes on terrorism and violence. It is pre-modern and retro-oriented, but in practice, this actor seeks to use the practical and technological tools of postmodernism. While the world nations, regardless of their practice, often try to portray themselves as peace-loving, law-abiding, and non-violent in their propaganda, one of ISIS's most common activities in the United States. Over the years, the group has portrayed violent manifestations of executions of people arrested in cyberspace and mass media. Accordingly, we have statistically explained the cases of showing the violent effects of ISIS and has explained the symbols indicating the approach of increasing the social power of ISIS. Therefore, the main question of this research is "How has the show of violence in ISIS increased the social power of this group?" And the study's hypothesis states that "ISIS's portrayal of violence has played a key role in increasing ISIS's social power." In compiling this evidence to support the claim, the research uses library resources and documents related to the subject and uses Descriptive-analytical method, research hypothesis has been tested.

The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of new social movements in the political and social challenges of poverty and inequality in the Islamic Republic of Iran after the riots of January 2017. The research question is: What is the nature and context of the political and social challenges of poverty and inequality in the Islamic Republic of Iran after the riots of January 2017? The research hypothesis states that the political and social challenges of poverty and inequality in the Islamic Republic of Iran after the riots of January 2017 have been in the form of social movements with a just nature in the context of cyberspace. The research methodology is descriptive- analytical one which utilizes desk research, fuzzy Delphi method and a questionnaire. The results indicated that, with respect to the economic, earning problems including expensiveness, inflation, financial corruption, inefficacy of economic management, unemployment, poverty, social inequality, disregarding dignity,……, many new social movements have been developed in seeking justice which promoted through the social networks and political awareness of the poor classes together with public awareness and closeness of the medium and poor classes which seem to make a coalition for upcoming political and security crises. Clearly, most of the participants these riots were poor individuals, outskirts and medium class people. Finally, the key factors which lead to these political and security crises will be identified using fuzzy Delphi: the economic problems account for almost 56.25 % of these key factors.

The key to the success of the marketing strategy lies in understanding consumer behavior, and this is important by decoding their behavioral intentions. In the same way, the factors influencing purchasing decisions are knowing consumer attitudes. Nationalism is one of the factors influencing consumer attitudes. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of customer's nationalism on the customers' attitude toward the brand origin and its effect on the intention to buy them by mediating role of brand attitudes. This study has the practical goal, and in terms of nature and method is correlative and the statistical population of this research were all citizens of Rasht city. The statistical sample included 389 questionnaires collected through the available method. Reliability of the questionnaire was verified using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Validity of the questionnaire was also validated by content validity and with the help of professors and marketing experts. To test the hypotheses, correlation and structural equation modeling (SEM) based on partial least squares (PLS) approach were used. The results of this study showed that nationalism has a negative effect on attitude toward the country of origin, and with the increasing sense of nationalism in individuals, the attitude toward the US and South Korea was negative. On the other hand, according to the findings of this research, the attitude towards the country of origin has no direct and significant effect on the intention to purchase the products.